1. PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook The University of West Alabama appendix D Copyright © 2009 South-Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Written Communication

2. Copyright © 2009 South-Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.D–2 Learning Outcomes 1. 1.List and define the eight parts of speech. 2. 2.Explain the difference between a phrase and a clause. 3. 3.Explain the 1–5–15 writing rule. 4. 4.Explain three important uses of commas. After studying this appendix, you should be able to:

3. Copyright © 2009 South-Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.D–3 Grammar GrammarGrammar  The rules for using the eight parts of speech:  Nouns are the names of people, places, or things.  Pronouns take the place of nouns.  Verbs are the action words in sentences.  Adjectives modify, or give more information about, nouns.  Adverbs tell something about a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.  Prepositions relate nouns or pronouns to other parts of a sentence.  Conjunctions connect two words or parts of a sentence together.  An interjection is a word used to express feelings.

4. Copyright © 2009 South-Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.D–4 Parts of a Sentence SubjectSubject  A noun or a pronoun—the person or thing that performs an action or is described in the sentence. PredicatePredicate  The main verb and any accompanying verbs, which express an action or describe the subject. ComplementsComplements  A direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, or an object complement. ModifiersModifiers  Adjectives that modify nouns or pronouns and adverbs that modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. ConnectivesConnectives  Prepositions and conjunctions that join elements of sentences together.

5. Copyright © 2009 South-Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.D–5 Grammatical Terms SyntaxSyntax  The arrangement of words, phrases, and clauses to form sentence structure.  Phrase –A group of words that does not form a complete sentence.  Clause –A group of words that includes a subject and a verb and often could stand alone as a sentence. RhetoricRhetoric  The principles and rules of effective writing.  1–5–15 writing rule –Paragraphs should express 1 idea with an average of 5 sentences with 15 words each. EditingEditing  A review process that improves the quality of writing.

6. Copyright © 2009 South-Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.D–6 Punctuation PunctuationPunctuation  The use of special marks—commas, semicolons, colons, dashes, parentheses, and brackets—to group words, phrases, and clauses. CommasCommas  Separate items in a series.  Smith studied the age of participants, the length of their illnesses, and their incomes.  Precede coordinating conjunctions that join clauses.  Smith studied age, and he also studied length of illness.  Set off words or phrases at the beginning, middle, or end of sentences.  On the test of team skills, I scored only 70%.

7. Copyright © 2009 South-Western/Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.D–7