1. Extended tracts of homozygosity around focal SNPs
conferring lactose persistence

2. Association between three noncoding SNPs
and lactose persistence in Africans
LP, lactose persistent; LIP, lactose intermediate persistent;
LNP, lactose non-persistent

3. Animal mitochondrial DNA- Functionally important yet rapidly evolving
Glu
NADH6
noncoding
Pro
Phe
12s rRNA
Val
Control Region
16s rRNA
Thr
Cyt b
NADH1
Leu
Ile
Gln
Met
NADH5
NADH2
Leu
Trp
rRNA genes
Ser
Ala
tRNA genes
His
Asn
COI
ATP synthase genes
NADH4
Cys
Asp
Ser
NADH4L
NADH3
Cytochrome Oxidase
COII
Tyr
Gly
ATP6
Lys
Arg
ATP8
Cytochrome bc1 complex
COIII
NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase

4. Frequent deletions in human mitochondrial DNA

5. Mitochondrial disorders
• Poor growth
• Loss of muscle coordination, muscle weakness
• Visual and/or hearing problems
• Developmental delays, learning disabilities
• Mental retardation
• Heart, liver, or kidney disease
• Gastrointestinal disorders, severe constipation
• Respiratory disorders
• Diabetes
• Increased risk of infection
• Neurological problems, seizures
• Thyroid dysfunction
• Dementia (mental disorder characterized by confusion, disorientation, and memory loss)

6. A mitochondrial mutation extending longevity

7. Higher frequency of homoplasmic C150T transitions in centenarians

8. Increase in nonsynonymous substitutions in terminal branches of human mtDNA

9. Amino acid constraint in 13 human mtDNA proteins

10. Climate adapted mtDNA mutations

11. Major histocompatibility complex
Molecular
evolution
Conservation
genetics
Kin recognition
Sexual selection/
parasites

12. The vertebrate major histocompatibility complex (Mhc)
Class II
Class III
Class I
LMP
TAP DP DN DM DO DQ DR
complement
HSP70 B C X E J A H G F
Human B A A B A A B B B A B A B B B A I II
III I K
TAP O
complement D Q T M F M
LMP A E
Mouse
HSP70 B A B B B B A B B A II II I II I II
B-G
TAP
B-G
rDNA
Chicken A B B B B B II I
HSP70
LMP
complement
Frog A B B B I

13. T-cells recognize peptides in the context of MHC molecules
viral protein
viral or bacterial
pathogen
cytotoxic T-cell
peptide
infected cell
antigen
presentation
MHC
TCR

14. Mhc class I crystal structure[
peptide binding region (PBR)
peptide
a1 domain
a2 domain
b2 microglobulin

15. Testing neutrality
Under balancing selection, Tajima’s D > 0

16. Deep coalecsence of Mhc genes in humans

17. Ancient shared polymorphisms in primate MHC

18. Strong linkage disequilibrium in human MHC

20. 32% of observed matings were with neighboring territorial ♂♂

21. Paternity analysis: 46% of progeny were sired by neighboring territorial ♂♂ with a strong preference for MHC dissimilar ♂♂

22. Odor Preference T-shirt study
Women prefer odors of MHC-dissimilar males
2. “Smells like mate”
3. Contraception pill
Wedekind et al. 1995

23. Observed copulations Number of ejaculations In-foster Cross-foster
MHC-similar
MHC-dissimilar
Number of ejaculations
In-foster
Cross-foster

24. MHC Diversity Parasites Reproductive Mech.
Mating, fertilization, abortion
Parasites
Red
Queen
(coevolution)
Heterozygote
advantage
Parasite resistant
offspring
Inbreeding
avoidance
MHC Diversity