1. Acids and Bases

2. 1. Ionization of water
Water molecules collide with enough force to form hydrogen ions (+) and hydroxide ions (-).
H2O ↔ H+ + OH-
Hydrogen ions combine with water to form Hydronium ions (+)
H+ + H2O ↔ H3O+

4. 2. Properties of Acids
Acids have more hydrogen ions (H+) than hydroxide ions (OH-)
Acids taste sour
ex: lemon juice
Acids are corrosive

5. 3. Properties of Bases
Bases have more hydroxide ions (OH-) than hydrogen ions (H+)
Bases are slippery
Ex: soap = base + fat
Bases taste bitter
Bases are corrosive

6. 4. pH scale Measures potential Hydrogen ions in a solution
It is a logarithmic scale, with each number 10x the previous one.
Farther from 7 in either direction is more dangerous

8. 5. Buffers
Buffers are used to trap H+ or OH- ions to maintain the pH of the solution
Ex:
Cells can only function in a very narrow pH range.
The H+ in acids break the H bonds in proteins, destroying them.
Buffers collect stray H+ and protect proteins

9. 6. Neutralization Reaction
Acid (H+) + Base (OH-) → Water Ex: If you have an upset stomach, caused by too much stomach acid, you take and antacid such as Tums. The active ingredient in Tums is calcium carbonate, CaCO3 a base.