1. SM628 European Policy and Practice towards Ethnic Minorities Department of Public and Social Policy, ISS FSV UK Fall Lecturer: Antonin Mikeš abtmikes@gmail.com Roma 1

2. The Roma/ Gypsies/ Travellers -Political mobilization at the European level. Readings: Benhabib, Seyla (2002) The Claims of Culture. Equality and Diversity in the Global Era. Princeton, USA- Woodstock, UK: Princeton University Press, preface plus pp. 1-48 Bagihole, Barbara (1997) Equal Opportunities and Social Policy: Issues of gender, race and disability, London: Longman, Chapter two: What is Equal Opportunities? pp. 31-47 2

3. Video “Romano Drom” 3

4. The Roma now and then Laura Laubeova laubeova@fsv.cuni.cz http://roma.fsv.cuni.cz 4

5. Presentation structure Terminology Language, identity and culture. Ethnic group? Roma and non-Roma Multidisciplinary approach International Romani movement. Resources and links Case study: Czech Republic Historical background Education 5

6. Terminology The Roma/The Romani people/The Romanies  (12 m Worldwide)‏ Rom (sg.) (husband; Dom, Domari), Romni (she),  Roma (pl.) or Romanies (pl.) accepted by Sinti (prof.Hancock) - a Romani (sg.)‏ Example: She is a Roma (sic.), Romani, a Romni  Adjective: Romani (international documents), Romany (literature)‏  Gentiles: Gadje, gadjo, gorgio (gaujo, gawjo, gawja Hancock)‏‏ 6

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9. Language The Romani language or Romani or Romanes (in a Romani way, Romanily)‏ Vakares Romanes? Do you speak in the Romani way? Kiravel Romanes. She is cooking in the Romani way Sanskrit origins:  1760 Valyi Stefan, Univ. of Leiden, NL  Vienna Gazette 1776, 9

10. Identity, culture, politics Identity - Reflects attitudes of majority-  Withdrawal and separation (protect values and culture)‏  Internalisation of stereotypes Culture & values - cleanlines, eating, treatment of animals, funerals, sexual behaviour, extended family, etc Romani organisations: Intl. Romani Union; Roma National Congress  European level ERRC, ERIO, ERF 10

11. Roma as an ethnic group National minority (CEE), ethnic minority group (UK - RRA). Community / communities. Heterogeniety-  Roma (Rumungro, Vlach, Romanichal, Kalderash, Kale, Kalo, Lovari), Sinti, Travellers, playground and circus people, bargee people, new age travellers etc “Gypsy is not a lifestyle” but race/ ethnic group (Hancock)‏ Minorities autochtonous, immigrant Roma as European minority vs Roma as European nation Europe's largest transnational minority; Declaration on "non-territorial" nation (2001)‏ 11

12. Roma in society Discrimination, racism, anti-Gypsyism, denial of racism, reversed racism Majority relations twds the Roma:  (annihilation/extermination, persecution, segregation; assimilation, integration, accommodation, inclusion)‏ 12

13. Roma in society- Cont. Major point of departures for Romani studies:  a) history – migration from India, early persecution in 15- 18 cent., assimilation under Habsburgs and in Portugal; Porrajmos – Romani holocaust (0,5 m)  b) family and values;  c) Romani language, identity and self- determination of Romani nation  But: 13

14. Romani Studies / Romology Linguistics (Indology)‏ History (of repression)‏ Cultural and social antropology / ethnology Culturology, Musicology International Relations (UN, EU…)‏ International law (HR, minority rights law)‏ Public and social policy Political economy (WB, UNDP)‏ Sociology (power issues)‏ Social psychology (in-group, out-group dynamics)‏ Psychology (of prejudice, stereotyping) etc. Multi-disciplinary approach 14

15. Key Romani movements, Politics and Policy Actors International Romani Union Roma National Congress European Roma and Traveller Forum (CoE)‏ European Roma Rights Centre (US Law)‏ World Bank Decade of Romani Inclusion 2005-2015 15

16. World Bank President Paul Wolfowitz dined with seven young Roma leaders on February 27 in Prague to get their views on efforts to empower the Roma www.worldbank.org/roma www.worldbank.org/roma 16

17. World Romani Congresses (IRU)‏ The first World Romani Congress, London, 1971: 16-spoked wheel as their international symbol, flag (green and blue), anthem (Roma arise), proclaimed April 8 international Romani day 2 nd 1979 Geneva (Jan Cibula)‏ 3 rd 1981 Gottingen Ge (Rajko Djuric) 4 th 1990 Warsaw (Rajko Djuric) 5 th 2000 Prague (Emil Scuka)‏ 6 th 2004 Lanciano Italy (Stanislav Stankiewicz)‏ 17

18. RNC Rom & Sinti Union in Hamburg (80s) -> RNC, Rudko Kawczynski Grassroot, militant, Romani refugees from Eastern Europe – basic human rights approach  Pan-European Romani Identity vs  nationalist “Zentralrat “ of German Sinti and Roma (81)‏ 18

19. Useful links and resources European Roma Rights Centre http://www.errc.org http://www.errc.org European Roma Information Office http://www.erionet.org/Home.html http://www.erionet.org/Home.html European Roma and Traveller Forum http://www.ertf.org/ http://www.ertf.org/ WB www.worldbank.org/romawww.worldbank.org/roma UNDP http://roma.undp.skhttp://roma.undp.sk 19

20. Roma in the Czech Republic Background, Present situation, Issue of Education Useful links and resources Romea http://www.romea.cz/http://www.romea.cz/ Czech Radio http://www.romove.czhttp://www.romove.cz 20

21. Maria Theresa and Joseph II. (1760-1784) assimilation, sedentarisation 1927 Act on Nomadic Gypsies (identity cards)‏ Nazi holocaust PORRAIMOS (200 000 –1.5 m. victims)‏ Ctibor Nečas, Paul Polanski Concentration Camp Lety History 21

22. Communism Enforced + voluntary relocation to Sudetenlands from Slovak shanty-town settlements (after removal of Germans 1945)‏ 1958 Act on settlement of nomadic persons (repealed in CZ in 97)‏ 1965 policy on transfer (from Sk) + dispersal, displacement 68 federalisation; Association of Gypsies-Roma (73)‏ 1978 Charter 77 Document 23: Information on situation of Gypsies-Roma (warning if economy modernises) 22

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24. 1989-97 Roma gained status as a national minority, Romani MPs Bogardus scale of social distance – high hostility Beauty Queen racist utterance, Racist attacks Unemployment; stereotype of self-chosen unemployment Criminality (20% vs. national 3%) – criminalisation Citizenship law 93 (de facto discrimination), put most Roma in position of aliens, 96, 2000; led to 97 exodus Housing ghettoisation (barren flats), educational segregation 24

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26. 1997 - present  97 Emigration to Canada, UK → Bratinka report on situation of R. community in CZ  98 UN CERD Concluding observations on CR, "de facto” segregation in edu (article 5 ICERD)‏  April 99 Draft Concept of Romani integration  “Conflict-free co-existence of the R. community with the remainder of society“  Safety, non-discrimination, improving social sit (employment, housing, health)‏ 26

27. “Exodus” to Canada 1996: 150 Czech Romani claimants  6 Aug. 1997: TV documentary  6 Aug.– 8 Oct. 97: 1500 claimants/ “Invasion”, i.e. 6% of all refugee claimants in 97 Re-introduction of visa requirement Migration to UK and other EU countries 27

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29. After 1997 - cont. 2001 UK Immigration officers in Prg Airport  (CHC Statement 29 Aug. 01), House of Lords Dec 2004 2002 "Conception on Romani Integration",  (2004 reformulation/revision)‏ 2003 Denial by pres. Klaus, BBC Hardtalk 29

30. Education and Roma in CZ Push factors for systemic change  97 Canada visa imposition  EU accession, Criticism by US Gov., UN, CoE  Role of NGOs, e.g. ERRC:  Ostrava region, 27 times more in Special Schools, 5% population, 50% in special schools  Cf. Brown vs Topeca Board of Education in USA, 50yrs ago 30

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34. Achievements Romani teacher assistants (introduced in 1998) communication barrier, partnership teaching, small group work, contact with families, etc not systemic, inferior status, no educated R. teachers, if not successful ‑ blaming the victim Preparatory classes (since 1994) cf Headstart USA Multicultural/ intercultural edu. Programmes -NG0s, community schools 34

35. Threats: Re-standardisation of psychological testing in the age of 6 - doubts about the concepts itself Subtractive versus additive bilingualism, irreversible cognitive damage (abstract thinking concepts - Piaget) Institutional, unwitting, indirect racism+ denial of racism 35

36. D.H. and Others v. Czech Republic first challenge to systematic racial segregation in education in Europe brought by 18 Roma children from Ostrava; placed in “special” remedial special schools (ss)‏ complaint filed in 2000 by ERRC - intensive qualitative and quantitative research that revealed racial disparities. 7 February 2006 European Court on HR ruled in favour of the Czech State (improvement)‏ Final announcment – fined Cz State 36