1. Electron-nuclear spin dynamics in optically pumped semiconductor quantum dots K.V.Kavokin A.F.Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, St.Petersburg, Russia Thanks to: Igor Merkulov, Vladimir Kalevich, Vladimir Korenev, Roslan Dzhioev (Ioffe Institute) Alexander Tartakovskii, Evgeniy Chekhovich, Maurice Skolnick (Sheffield) Thierry Amand, Xavier Marie, Bernhard Urbaszek (Toulouse)

2. Single QD spectroscopy Quantum dots

4. Electrons in conduction band: contact Fermi interaction Valence band holes: magnetic dipole interaction, much weaker

5. Nuclear spin fields acting on a localized electron b) Disordered nuclear spinsa) Polarized nuclear spins For GaAs

6. D. Gammon, Al.L. Efros, T.A. Kennedy, M. Rosen, D.S. Katzer, D. Park, S.W. Brown,V.L. Korenev, I.A. Merkulov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5176 (2001)

7. -1/2 +3/2

8. Bulk semiconductor with cubic lattice +3/2+1/2-1/2-3/2 +1/2-1/2

9. Quantum wells, quantum dots +3/2 +1/2-1/2 -3/2 +1/2-1/2

10. Relaxation by nuclei: M.I.Dyakonov, V.I.Perel JETP 65, 362 (1973) Nuclear spins “Motional slowing” (short correlation time):

11. 1 2 Spin relaxation of donor-bound electrons

12. R.I.Dzhioev, K.V.Kavokin, V.L.Korenev, M.V.Lazarev, B.Ya.Meltser, M.N.Stepanova, B.P.Zakharchenya, D.Gammon, D.S.Katzer, Phys.Rev.B 66, 245204 (2002)

13. Electron spin precession in hyperfine field of nuclear spin fluctuations I.A. Merkulov, Al.L. Efros, M. Rosen, Phys. Rev. B 65, 205309 (2002) P.F. Braun, X. Marie, L. Lombez, B. Urbaszek, T. Amand, P. Renucci, V. Kalevich, K. Kavokin, O. Krebs, P. Voisin, Y. Masumoto, Phys. Rev. Letters 94, 116601 (2005) B S

14. Electrons in conduction band: contact Fermi interaction The total angular momentum is conserved!

15. Dynamic polarization of nuclear spins by hyperfine interaction Spin influx into the nuclear spin system: R is the rate of a non-equilibrium process is a pseudovector changing sign under time inversion Optical orientation: If

17. P. Maletinsky, C.W. Lai, A. Badolato, A. Imamoglu, Phys. Rev. B 75, 035409 (2007) P.-F. Braun, B. Urbaszek, T. Amand, X. Marie, O. Krebs, B. Eble, A. Lemaitre, P. Voisin, Phys. Rev. B 74, 245306 (2006)

18. Dynamic polarization of nuclear spins by hyperfine interaction with unpolarised electrons B +1 0 Nuclear spins Electron spin sublevels +BN+BN

19. Pump

21. V.L.Korenev “Dynamic self-polarization of nuclei in low-dimensional systems”, JETP Letters, 1999 M.I.Dyakonov, V.I.Perel, JETP Letters, 1972 – dynamic self-polarization via Overhauser effect in the nuclear magnetic field requires low temperatures (below 1K) Dark excitons Bright excitons

22. Why magnetic field is needed to polarize nuclei? Magnetic dipole-dipole interaction Local field B L B>>B L : T N =T 1, 10 3 s B~B L : T N =T 2 10 -4 s

23. When we polarize nuclear spins in a magnetic field, we change the energy of the nuclear spin system!

24. Spin temperature A.Redfield, Phys.Rev.98, 1787 (1955) For semiconductors: M.I.Dyakonov, V.I.Perel, JETP 41,759 (1975); D.Paget et al, PRB 15, 5780 (1977)

25. Spin temperature Optical cooling of the nuclear spin system by oriented electrons. Magnetic field dependences of reciprocal spin-temperature (1) and mean spin of nuclei (2)

26. V.K.Kalevich et al, JETP Lett. 35, 20 (1982):

28. Phase transition into a magnetically ordered state cooling

29. =-10 -8 K =5. 10 -7 K P=85% P=55% Merkulov, Papava, Ponomarenko, Vasiliev, Can.J.Phys. 66, 135 (1988) antiferromagnetic Theory for GaAs (laboratory frame): Experiment and theory (rotating frame, CaF 2, LiH): Abragam group, 1970s Ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic Nuclear spin ordering

30. V. L. Korenev, PRL 99, 256405 (2007).

31. P N max =65%

33. B Nf S0S0 I.A.Merkulov, G.Alvarez, D.R.Yakovlev, T.C.Schultess, PRB 81, 115107 (2010)

34. B Nf S0S0 Mean nuclear spin grows at the expense of nuclear spin fluctuations. At the same time, fluctuations are suppressed

35. Summary 1)Dynamical polarization of nuclei in semiconductors produces very strong, classical magnetic fields affecting electron spins. This can be directly observed in optical spectra of individual quantum dots. 2) Shifts of electron spin levels in nuclear fields result in nonlinear effects and a theoretical possibility of self-polarization. 3) The nuclear spin system can be cooled down to microkelvins. If we manage to cool it further down, we could freeze nuclear spins and obtain a nuclear antiferromagnet with strongly reduced fluctuations. 4) To do this, we have to reach high nuclear polarization, which is not so easy…