1. Henry Prakken & Giovanni Sartor July 18, 2012 Law Logic Summerschool 2012 Session 3.2.1 (Part 2): Burdens of proof and presumptions

2. Burdens of proof (legally) Burden of persuasion for P: who loses in the end if the evidence on P is balanced? Burden of production for P: who loses on P if no evidence for P is provided during a proceeding? Tactical burden: who would likely lose on P if the present stage were the final stage?

3. Dialectical status of arguments Justified: survive conflict with all counterarguments In in all labellings Overruled: defeated by justified argument Out in all labellings Defensible: neither justified not overruled

4. Defining burden of proof (formally) Burden of persuasion for P = task to have a justified argument for P in the final stage Does not shift Burden of production for P = task to construct a sensible argument for P during the initial stage at which P becomes relevant Does not shift Tactical burden on P: do something to make your favoured outcome on P likely if the resulting stage were the final stage Can shift any number of times Argumentation logic is applied to each stage in a proceeding

5. Burdens of proof: example Prosecution has burden of persuasion for Murder, Killing and Intent Murder KillingIntentRule 1 R1: If Killing & Intent then Murder R2:If Selfdefence then not R1

6. Burdens of proof: example Prosecution has burden of persuasion for Murder, Killing and Intent Murder KillingIntentRule 1 Defence has tactical burden to do something, and burden of production for Selfdefence R1: If Killing & Intent then Murder R2:If Selfdefence then not R1

7. Burdens of proof: example Prosecution has tactical burden to do something, and burden of persuasion against Selfdefence Murder KillingIntentRule 1SelfdefenceRule 2 Exception to Rule 1 R1: If Killing & Intent then Murder R2:If Selfdefence then not R1

8. Burdens of proof: example Murder KillIntentRule 1SelfdefenceRule 2 Exception to Rule 1 No selfdefence Prosecution has burden of persuasion against Selfdefence

9. Burdens of proof: example Murder KillIntentRule 1SelfdefenceRule 2 Exception to Rule 1 No selfdefence Prosecution has burden of persuasion against Selfdefence so must strictly defeat Proof standard captured in bandwith for mutual defeat

10. Presumptions: not used to allocate but to fulfill burden of proof R 1 : If Damaged & Owner then Compensation Possession creates a legal presumption for ownership

11. Owner Compensation Damaged Possession Presumptions: they are defeasible conditionals e2e2 R1R1 R2R2 R 1 : If Damaged & Owner then Compensation R 2 : If Possession then Owner e1e1

12. Owner Compensation Damaged e1e1 Possession No Possession e3e3 Their antecedent must be proven e2e2 R1R1 R2R2 R 1 : If Damaged & Owner then Compensation R 2 : If Possession then Owner

13. Owner Compensation Damaged e1e1 Possession No Possession e3e3 e2e2 R1R1 R2R2 R 1 : If Damaged & Owner then Compensation R 2 : If Possession then Owner

14. Owner Compensation Damaged e1e1 Possession R3:R3: They cannot be used after counterevidence e2e2 R1R1 R2R2 Not Owner e4e4 R 1 : If Damaged & Owner then Compensation R 2 : If Possession then Owner R 3 : If e 4 then R 2 does not apply n.a.R 2

15. Owner Compensation Damaged e1e1 Not Owner e4e4 Now real evidence is needed R1R1 e5e5

16. Summary Various notions of burdens and standards of proof can be defined in terms of defeasible argumentation But dynamic setting is needed Presumptions can be logically understood as defeasible conditionals Not used to allocate but to fulfill proof burdens