1. Federal Employment 1816-1998 *

2. Per Capita Federal Employment and Budget 1816-1998 *

3. Employment by Level of Government 1925-1995 *

4. Growth in Federal Regulations * Reagan Presidency

5. Subgovernments / “Iron Triangles” * Congressional Committee Clientele (usually political interest groups) Bureaucratic Agency Money and authority Favorable laws Services for MCs’ constituents $$ and votes Favorable implementation of laws (provide services) Favorable feedback to congressional oversight committee Everybody’s happy!!

6. Independent Regulatory Commissions at Work Federal regulators in the US have fined the CBS TV network a record $550,000 for pop star Janet Jackson's "wardrobe malfunction" in February. The singer exposed her right breast during a dance routine with Justin Timberlake at this year's Super Bowl. Now the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) has fined 20 CBS-owned TV stations the maximum penalty for indecency - $27,500 - each. RETURN

7. Franklin Roosevelt’s thoughts on presidential leadership of the bureaucracy: “The Treasury is so large and far-flung and ingrained in its practices that I find it almost impossible to get the reaction and results I want... But the Treasury is not to be compared with the State Department. You should go through the experience of trying to get any changes in the thinking, policy, and action of the career diplomats and then you’d know what a real problem was. But the Treasury and the State Department put together are nothing compared to the Na-a-vy. The Na-a-vy is like punching a feather bed. You punch it with your right and you punch it with your left until you are finally exhausted, and then you find the damn bed just as it was before you started punching Return

8. Competing Agencies “Our economy has fundamentally changed—as has the world—but our government, our agencies, have not. The needs of our citizens have fundamentally changed but their government has not. Instead, it's often grown more complicated and sometimes more confusing. Give you a few examples. There are five different entities dealing with housing. There are more than a dozen agencies dealing with food safety. My favorite example… as it turns out, the Interior Department is in charge of salmon in fresh water, but the Commerce Department handles them in saltwater. If you’re wondering what the genesis of this was, apparently, it had something to do with President Nixon being unhappy with his Interior Secretary for criticizing him about the Vietnam War. And so he decided not to put NOAA in what would have been a more sensible place.” --President Obama, January, 2012 RETURN