1. Chapter 4 Enzymes and metabolism part II

2. Outline Names of enzymes & types of reactions ATP Production Synthetic Pathways

3. Enzymes Normally end in “ase” Normally are proteins “Isozymes” may look different but catalyze the same reaction

4. General types of reactions Oxidation-reduction Hydrolysis-dehydration Transfer of groups Ligation Add or subtract e- or H+ Add H 2 0 Remove H 2 0 Exchange, add, or remove Link together

5. Some examples of reactions

6. Steps of ATP production

7. 1 2 3 4

8. Glycolysis PYRUVATE GLUCOSE

9. Site of Citric Acid Cycle

10. Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs Cycle

11. Electron Transport System

12. Oxidative Phosphorylation = synthesis of ATP Using the electron Transport system.

13. Chemiosmosis Proteins of mitochondria have 2 purposes, to –Transport electrons –Transport hydrogen atoms

14. Summary: Energy Yield from cellular respiration Final hydrogen acceptor is oxygen!!

15. When ATP is broken down this reaction releases free energy. Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic. How would you measure free energy? ATP can then yield 7-12 kcal/mole ATP

16. What do we call metabolism without oxygen? Anaerobic Metabolism What happens to ATP production without O2? 30-32 ATPs to 2 ATPs aerobic anaerobic DECREASES No O2!

17. Anaerobic Fermentation! Lactic acid fermentation Alcohol fermentation

18. BIG BIOMOLECULES CAN BE BROKEN DOWN AND USED FOR ATP SYNTHESIS Glycogenolysis Lipolysis Deamination BIG BIO

19. Glycogenolysis: Energy from stored carbohydrates Glycogen to glucose Energy 4 kcal/gm

20. Lipolysis: Energy from fat Beta-oxidation 9 kcal/gm fat Excess Beta-oxidation can lead to “ketone bodies”

21. Energy from proteins: Typically surplus proteins but sometimes not from surplus Aneroxia Nervosa

22. Synthetic pathways Glycerol or amino acids* to Glucose * gluconeogenesis Glucose to Glycogen *glycogenesis Glucose to Glycerol Acetyl CoA to Fatty acids Triglycerides

24. Glycogenesis

25. Synthesis of glycerol and fatty acids

28. The End