2. OCB Scoping Workshop Observing biogeochemical cycles at global scales with floats and gliders 28-30 April 2009, Moss Landing, CA http://www.whoi.edu/sites/OCBfloatsgliders http://www.whoi.edu/sites/OCBfloatsgliders

3. Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling (SOCCOM), $21 million, 6 years Lynne Talley, SIO Steve Riser, U. W. Theme I Observations Theme II Modeling Theme III Education & Outreach Joellen Russell, U. Arizona Jorge Sarmiento, Princeton Ken Johnson Directorate Biooptics (Emmanuel Boss, Maine, Oscar Schofield, Rutgers) Heidi Cullen, Climate Central

4. Moore & Abbott, 2000 Southern Ocean Primary Production: focus on open ocean Open Ocean N of PF

5. The opportunity A transformative observing system Profiling floats Biogeochemical sensors A transformative data analysis system State estimation in eddy resolving models Now adding biogeochemistry A transformative prediction system Ultra high resolution climate model simulations

6. »NSF funding will enable ~30 to 40 floats/y with pH, O 2, NO 3 -, ~200 total »NOAA will provide half of the basic CTD floats »NASA will provide biooptics (WETLabs FLBB or MCOM - ~FLBBCDOM) for ~1/2 of floats »Support for one Biogeochemical Argo data manager at UW »CLIVAR quality calibration of chemical sensors at deployment

7. »Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE) with biogeochemical data assimilation »Integrated biogeochemical modeling program linked to GFDL Earth System Model »OSSE assessment of system design

8. Why? »The Southern Ocean comprises only about 30% of the world’s ocean area, it accounts for half the ocean’s uptake of anthropogenic carbon from the atmosphere.

9. Why? »Vertical exchange in the Southern Ocean supplies nutrients that fertilize up to three-quarters of the biological production in the global ocean north of 30°S

10. Why? »The Southern Ocean south of ~60°S is highly sensitive to acidification due to low carbonate ion concentrations at cold temperatures.

11. 254,000 pH profiles from ships in US National Ocean Database. 55,584 pH profiles since measurements were standardized during the WOCE/JGOFS era (since 1990). COPY OF YOUR SEARCH CRITERIA: OBSERVATION DATES: Year from 1990 to 2014; Month from 6 to 9; Day from 21 to 22 GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES: Longitude from -180.0000 to 180.0000; Latitude from -40.0000 to -90.0000 DATASET:OSD,CTD,XBT,MBT,PFL,DRB,MRB,APB,UOR,SUR,GLD MEASURED VARIABLES (must):pH MEASURED VARIABLES (extract):pH For 1990 – 2014 there are only 2 pH profiles found South of 40 o S in the database for the Austral Winter (June 21- Sep 22).

12. Pre- SOCCOM floats deployed Array will grow to be ~200 floats with pH, O 2, NO 3 -, biooptics, 5 to 7 year life, year-round coverage

13. ~10% Error in So. Ocn. CO 2 uptake

15. US Argo Science & Implementation Working Group July 2014

16. Raw data Adjusted data -2.5 umol/kg Pressure (dbar)

17. Sensor pH + 0.017 Sensor pH -0.050 40 South 55 South

18. 40 South55 South

19. P16S (March/May 2014) at 150°W UW Float 9095 at 50°S

20. Univ. of Washington Float 7552

21. 400 m 1000 m UW Float 7552 O2 time series – shows seasonal cycle in mesopelagic

22. UW float 7564

23. Univ. of Washington Float 7620

24. US Argo Science & Implementation Working Group July 2014 Can the community participate? SBE Navis float – fantail ready. Just throw it in.

25. UW floats at Ocean Station Papa

26. Observations assimilated in BGC State Estimate (Mazloff, Verdy) Currently:  78 o to 24.7 o S  1/6 o resolution  42 depth levels  Atmospheric boundary layer scheme (ERA-Interim first guess atmos. state)  full sea-ice model  KPP parameterization  2005 – 2010  sose.ucsd.edu

27. Climate models that resolve eddies in So. Ocean: Surface velocity Morrison (pers. comm.)