1. A Phantom for use in an MR Imager BME 400 October 14, 2005

2. Team Members: Missy Haehn (Team Leader) Can Pi (BSAC) Ben Sprague (Communications) Andrea Zelisko (BWIG) Advisor: Professor Kristyn Masters Client: Dr. Victor Haughton, M.D.

4. Medical Background Spine consists of vertebrae and disks which act as shock cushions Disks begin to degenerate with age due to reduced blood flow and water content This causes disk density loss and risk for vertebrae shifting Patients suffer from back pain, pinched nerves, muscle spasms, bone spurs

5. MR Background MR imaging uses magnets and radio waves to image body T2 value is relaxation time for protons, relative to water Can essentially pick a point in the body and ask “What type of tissue are you?” Phantoms are used to calibrate the scanner as well as in tissue simulations

6. Motivation Dr. Haughton is radiologist at UW-Hospital with a specialty in neuroradiology Research interest in dynamic spine MR imaging –Specifically disk degeneration Phantom needed for calibration of laboratory equipment –Mimicking intervertebral disks and T2 values

7. Client Design Specifications Hold artificial lumbar disk samples Contain samples with varying distances to the spinal coil Include solutions with known relaxation T2 times between 50 and 100 ms Sit securely atop of the spinal coil Is easy to use

8. Current Progress Current phantoms typically contain water doped solutions –have corresponding T1/T2 values Constructed by companies such as GE, Supertech, and CIRS Prices range from $2000 to $5000 Not directed towards client’s specific research needs

9. Last Semester’s Design

10. Problems with First Design Stair structure was large and cumbersome Material used for structure showed up on MR image Samples were not close enough together –exposed to varying areas of magnetic field Disk mimicking samples separated into components over time Not a leak-proof design

11. Current Work: Phantom Material Visited Standard Imaging over summer and received plastic samples –Tissue mimicking –Blue water –Virtual water Tested samples in MR-found they show up on image and are ideal for x-ray applications New material to use: Acrylic –Commonly used in commercial and research phantoms

12. Current Work: Disk Samples Need artificial disks to maintain integrity over time –Composed of water, collagen, and proteoglycans Looking into gelatin, agarose, acrylamide, and alginates for substitutes –Tested gelatin and acrylamide in MR with good results –Need to complete testing to decide which is most cost and labor effective

13. Current Work: Physical Design Disk samples held close together Has spigot for easy fill and empty Able to hold ten samples- two in each tube Tight seal for phantom-no leaks Less cumbersome

14. Potential Problems Acrylic may show up on MR images Artifacts from too many interfaces in phantom –Water—plastic—air—glass—sample Fixed construction does not allow for much variety in experiments Artificial disk samples may not mimic disks accurately May need to construct platform so phantom is stable on the MR table/coil

15. Future Work Making more hydrogels to test and determining which to use Continued testing of Gd doped water samples Construction of phantom –Receiving quote from Acrylix.com –UW polymer processing lab TESTING!

16. References Weidenbaum, M., et al. Correlating Magnetic Resonance Imaging with the Biochemical Content of the Normal Human Intervertebral disk. J. Ortho Research. 10(4): 552-61. Lumbar Degenerative Disk Disease. DynoMed. 2/12/05. http://www.dynomed.com/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/spine/Lumbar _Degenerative_Disk_Disease.html. http://www.dynomed.com/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/spine/Lumbar _Degenerative_Disk_Disease.html Blechinger, J.C., Madsen, E.L., and Frank, G.R. “Tissue-mimicking gelatin-agar gels for use in magnetic resonance imaging phantoms.” Medical Physics, Vol. 15, No. 4, Jul/Aug 1988. Phantom Applications and Technology Overview. 2001. Computerized Imaging Reference Systems, Inc. http:www.cirsinc.com/overview.html. Rice, J. Robin, et all. “Anthropomorphic 1H MRS head phantom.” Medical Physics, Vol. 25, No. 7, July 1998, Part 1. http://www.supertechx-ray.com/#MRI http://www.cirsinc.com/productlist.html

17. Thanks too… Dr. Victor Haughton John Perry Dan Schmidt, Standard Imaging Professor Bill Murphy Professor Wally Block Advisor Kristyn Masters Ernie Madsen and Maritza Hobson, Medical Physics

18. Questions?