1. Chapter 5.2 Designing experiments

2. Terminology The individuals on which the experiment is done are the experiment units. When the units are human beings they are called subjects. A specific experiment conditions applied to the units is called the treatment.

3. Comparative Experiments Units  Treatment  Observe Response Why is this not a great design? Lack of a control group

4. More terminology The explanatory variable in an experiment is often called factor(s). Each treatment is formed by combining a specific value (often called a level) of each of the factors.

5. The Physicians’ Health Study Ex: Does regularly taking aspirin help protect people against heart attacks? The Physicians’ Health Study looked at the effects of two drugs: aspirin and beta carotene. The body converts beta carotene into vitamin A, which may help prevent some forms of cancer. A combination of the drugs were given to 21,996 male physicians.

6. The Physicians’ Health Study Subjects? ◦ Physicians Factors? ◦ 2 (Aspirin &Beta carotene) Treatments? ◦ 4 groups  Aspirin, Beta carotene Aspirin, Placebo Placebo, Beta carotene Placebo, Placebo

7. The Placebo Effect “Gastric freezing” is a clever treatment for ulcers in the upper intestine. The patient swallow a deflated balloon with tubes attached, then a refrigerated liquid is pumped through the balloon for an hour. The idea is that cooling the stomach will reduce its production of acid and so relieve ulcers. Comparative Experiment Units  Treatment  Observe Response

8. The Placebo Effect The “Gastric freezing” experiment was poorly designed. The patients’ response may have been due to the placebo effect. A placebo is a dummy treatment. Many patients respond favorably to any treatment, even placebo.

9. Placebo Use People who receive the placebo are members of the control group. People who receive the “real” treatment are in the treatment group.

10. Practice 5.31-5.34…

11. Randomized Comparative Experiments Units (random assignment) Group 1Group 2 Compare Response Group 3Group 4

12. Example: Health Study Does regularly taking aspirin help protect people against heart attacks? The Physicians’ Health Study looked at the effects of two drugs: aspirin and beta carotene. The body converts beta carotene into vitamin A, which may help prevent some forms of cancer. A combination of the drugs were given to 21,996 male physicians.

13. Generating random Numbers w/calculator “Plant a common seed” for common answers ◦ 115  rand  rand is in MATH, PRB ◦ randInt(1,31)

14. Principles of Experiment Design Control the effects of lurking variables on the response, most simply by comparing two or more groups. Randomize-use impersonal chance to assign experimental units treatments. Replicate each treatment on many units to reduce chance variation in the results.

15. Statistical Significance An observed effect so large that it would rarely occur by chance is called statistically significant.

16. Double-Blind Experiment Blind Experiment ◦ Only the people in the experiment don’t know what they received.. In a double-blind experiment, neither the subjects nor the people who have contact with the subjects know which treatment a subject received.

17. Experiments w/out placebos Matched pair design ◦ Subjects are paired by matching common important attributes. ◦ Often the results are a pre-test and post-test with the unit being “matched” to itself. Example ◦ Traditional vs. Block Schedule ◦ Similar schools ◦ 1 school  traditional ◦ 1 school  block  Compare at the end using pre/post test

18. Block Design A block is a group of experimental units or subjects that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments. In a block design, the random assignment of units to treatments is carried out separately within each block. Stratified sampling  used in random sampling Block Design  Experimental

19. Block Design UnitsMalesAspirinPlaceboCompareFemalesAspirinPlacebo Subjective split Random split to treatment groups

20. Assignment Exercises : 5.31-5.34…5.35-5.51odd