1. Mongolia Today

2. The Mongolian Empire

3. The Mongolian War Machine
The 3 T’s
The Mongolians were successful because of their superior military tactics training & technology

4. Technology -The Mongolian Mounted Archer
The advantage the Mongolians had over other armies was that they used archers mounted on horseback as their primary battle formation.

5. Technology - The Mongolian Recurve Bow
The bow used by the Mongolians was a recurve bow.
It was effective at 350 yards.

6. Technology - The Stone Ring
Mongolian archers wore a stone ring on their right thumb, which they used to release the bowstring (rather than their fingers), which increased the velocity and speed of release of the arrow.

7. Technology - Stirrups
The bow could be fired while riding the horse because the Mongolians invented stirrups for their feet.

8. Technology - Mongolian Arrows
Mongolians had different types of arrows - including short range, long range, armor piercers with tempered tips, whistling signal arrows, incendiary, and grenade-tipped.

9. Technology - Mongolian Quiver
The quiver held about 30 arrows and each soldier carried 2 quivers.
This is a quiver.

10. Technology - The Mongolian Horse
The horse was the most prized possession the Mongolian soldier owned.
They stood hands high; some as tall as 16 hands.
Each soldier had 3-20 horses.
Only needed water once a day.
Females were preferred because both their milk and blood could be drunk for food.

11. Technology - The Mongolian Horse
Herds of up to 10,000 head accompanied the army and were divided by color.
Weak horses were killed for food, but horses which had been used in battle were not. When a battle horse went lame, it was put out to pasture.

12. The Mongolian War Machine
1. What advantage did Mongolians armies have over other armies? 2. Describe the bow used by Mongolian soldiers.
3. Name four different types of arrows used by Mongolian soldiers.
4. What Mongolian invention gave riders more stability on the horse?
5. Why did Mongolian soldiers prefer mares(female horses)?

13. Training - Leadership The military used a merit system.
Promotions were based on merit/ performance in battle.
Began riding a horse and shooting bow at a very young age.
Hunting for food mimicked battle tactics and served as practice.

14. Military Terms
Infantry – foot soldiers, for most armies this was the largest fighting force.

15. Military Terms
Cavalry – the part of the army that fights from horseback; this was the largest force in the Mongolian Army

16. Military Terms – Light Cavalry
Less heavily armored, fast and agile
carried a small sword and 2-3 javelins.

17. Military Terms – Heavy Cavalry
heavily armored soldiers, moved slower, less agile but carried deadly weapons (one and done)
cavalry carried a scimitar, a battle ax or mace, and a 12 foot lance with a horsehair pennant and a hook below the blade

18. Mongolian Heavy Cavalry
Mongolian Scimitar
Mongolian Mace
Mongolian Battle Axe

19. All Mongolian Soldiers Carried:
wicker shield covered with thick leather (usually ox hide)
2 bows
a lasso
a dagger which was strapped to the inside of his left forearm.
Why do you think the Mongolians strapped the dagger to the inside of their forearm?

20. Military Organization Mongolian armies were organized by units of ten.
Arban – 10 soldiers
Jegun– 100 soldiers (10 arbans)
Mingghan – 1,000 soldiers (10 jegun) – led by a noyon
Tumen – 10,000 soldiers (10 mingghan) - led by a noyon
Everything was done as a unit. If one soldier ran from battle the entire arban would be killed.

21. The strategy or plan used by an army to win a battle or war.
War Tactics
The strategy or plan used by an army to win a battle or war.
The book Art of War pictured here is widely considered one of the greatest books on military tactics ever written.

22. Tactics . Organization and planning were key.
Gaining information about the enemy led to the development of the plan.
Spy networks were set up to gather information.

23. Tactics .
Encircling the enemy
Feigned Retreat
Ambush
Hit and Run
Wave

24. Tactics .
Encircling the enemy
Feigned Retreat
Ambush
Hit and Run
Wave

25. Tactics .
Encircling the enemy
Feigned Retreat
Ambush
Hit and Run
Wave

26. Tactics .
Encircling the enemy
Feigned Retreat
Ambush
Hit and Run
Wave

27. Mongolian War Tactics

28. Warfare in the Middle Ages
Archers
Cavalry
Infantry
Cavalry
Infantry
Cavalry
Cavalry
Archers

29. Mongolians were masters of the feigned retreat.
Mongolian Warfare
Mongolians were masters of the feigned retreat.
The Enemy Army
Archers
Cavalry
Infantry
Cavalry
Light Cavalry
Heavy Cavalry
Heavy Cavalry
The Mongolian Army

30. Mangudai - The Feigned Retreat
The Enemy Army
Archers
Infantry
Cavalry
Cavalry
Light Cavalry
Heavy Cavalry
Heavy Cavalry
The Mongolian Army

31. The Battle of Mohi Heath This is another example of the deception the Mongols used to gain an advantage in battle.