1. EVOLUTION

2. What’s the Big Idea? O The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.

3. EVOLUTION O Change in genetic makeup of a population over time

4. Why Study Evolution? Use in Medicine –Overuse of antibiotics (ie. Tuberculosis) –Treatment of HIV/AIDS and other viruses

5. Understanding our environment –Important in understanding species and their habitats –Many species have decreased in numbers –Some have gone extinct

6. Improving Agriculture –Disease resistance crops –Pest Control

7. Figure 22.2 1809 1798 1812 1795 1830 1790 1809 1831  36 1844 1859 1870 Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution. Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.” Hutton proposes his principle of gradualism. Charles Darwin is born. Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. The Galápagos Islands Darwin writes his essay on descent with modification. On the Origin of Species is published. While studying species in the Malay Archipelago, Wallace (shown in 1848) sends Darwin his hypothesis of natural selection. 1858 Cuvier publishes his extensive studies of vertebrate fossils. Lyell publishes Principles of Geology.

9. Figure 22.4

11. Descent with Modification Species descend from other species and change over time

12. Figure 22.5 Darwin in 1840, after his return from the voyage The Galápagos Islands NORTH AMERICA ATLANTIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN Pinta Marchena Genovesa Equator Chile Santiago Daphne Islands Fernandina Isabela Santa Cruz Santa Fe San Cristobal Española Kilometers 0 20 40 Florenza Pinzón SOUTH AMERICA AFRICA EUROPE Great Britain HMS Beagle in port Equator PACIFIC OCEAN Malay Archipelago AUSTRALIA Tasmania New Zealand Brazil Argentina Cape Horn Andes Mtns. Cape of Good Hope

13. Figure 22.5c The Galápagos Islands PACIFIC OCEAN Pinta Marchena Genovesa Equator Santiago Daphne Islands Fernandina Isabela Santa Cruz Santa Fe San Cristobal Española Kilometers 0 20 40 Florenza Pinzón

14. Figure 22.6 (a) Cactus-eater (b) Insect-eater (c) Seed-eater

17. Figure 22.9 Brussels sprouts Kale Selection for leaves Selection for axillary (side) buds Selection for apical (tip) bud Cabbage Broccoli Kohlrabi Wild mustard Selection for stems Selection for flowers and stems

19. Figure 22.12a (a) A flower mantid in Malaysia

20. Figure 22.12b (b) A leaf mantid in Borneo

21. 1 2,750,000 2,500,000 2,250,000 2,000,000 1,750,000 1,500,000 1,250,000 1,000,000 750,000 500,000 250,000 base pairs Chromosome map of S. aureus clone USA300 Key to adaptations Methicillin resistance Ability to colonize hosts Increased disease severity Increased gene exchange (within species) and toxin production Figure 22.14

22. Figure 22.15 Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Human Cat Whale Bat

24. Figure 22.18 Sugar glider Flying squirrel NORTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA

25. Figure 26.7

27. Figure 22.16 Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail Chick embryo (LM) Human embryo

30. Accumulating “daughter” isotope Fraction of parent isotope remaining Remaining “parent” isotope Time (half-lives) 1 2 3 4 1 2 1 4 1 8 1 16 Figure 25.5