1. HUMAN SKELETON AN ENDOSKELETON

2. CARTILAGE HYALINE ELASTIC FIBROCARTILAGE

3. STRUCTURE OF CARTILAGE MATRIX CHONDROCYTES/ CHONDROBLASTS PERICHONDRIUM

4. MATRIX

5. CHONDROBLASTS

6. CHONDROCYTES

7. INTERSTITIAL VS APPOSITIONAL GROWTH

8. TYPES OF CARTILAGE HYALINE CARTILAGE ELASTIC CARTILAGE FIBROCARTILAGE

9. HYALINE CARTILAGE COVERS ARTICULAR SURFACES CARTILAGINOUS PORTION OF NOSE COSTAL CARTILAGE

10. HYALINE CARTILAGE MOST COMMON TYPE OF CARTILAGE CLOSELY PACKED COLLAGEN FIBERS TRANSLUCENT COSTAL CARTILAGES TRACHEAL CARTILAGES ARTICULAR CARTILAGES

11. ELASTIC CARTILAGE PINNA OF EAR EUSTACHIAN TUBES GLOTTIS CUNEIFORM CARTILAGES OF LARYNX

12. FIBROCARTILAGE LITTLE GROUND SUBSTANCE PREDOMINANTLY COLLAGEN FIBERS INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS SYMPHYSIS PUBIS MENISCI OF KNEE

13. FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON SUPPORT MOVEMENT PROTECTION MINERAL RESERVE HEMATOPOIESIS FAT STORAGE

14. BONE CLASSIFICATION LONG BONES SHORT BONES FLAT BONES IRREGULAR BONES SESAMOID BONES

15. LONG BONES HUMERUS RADIUS ULNA FEMUR TIBIA FIBULA PHALANGES

16. SHORT BONES CARPALS TARSALS SESAMOID BONES

17. SHORT BONES EMBEDDED IN TENDONS PATELLA

18. FLAT BONES CALVARIUM RIBS STERNUM

19. IRREGULAR BONES ETHMOID SPHENOID VERTEBRAE SCAPULA PELVIC BONES

20. LONG BONE STRUCTURE DIAPHYSIS EPIPHYSES MEDULLARY CAVITY ENDOSTEUM PERISOTEUM

21. PERIOSTEUM

22. SHARPEY’S FIBERS

23. ENDOSTEUM

24. YELLOW BONE MARROW

25. RED BONE MARROW

26. SPONGY BONE

28. COMPACT BONE

29. STRUCTURE OF COMPACT BONE

30. EPIPHYSEAL LINE

31. EPIPHYSEAL PLATE

33. FLAT BONE STRUCTURE

34. HISTOLOGY OF BONE

35. BONE MATRIX 35 PERCENT ORGANIC COLLAGEN PROTEOGLYCANS 65 PERCENT INORGANIC HYDROXYAPATITE

36. TYPES OF BONE CELLS OSTEOBLASTS OSTEOCYTES OSTEOCLASTS

37. OSTEOBLASTS EXTENSIVE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM LOTS OF RIBOSOMES PRODUCE COLLAGEN AND PROTEOGLYCANS PRODUCE HYDROXYAPATITE PRECURSORS

38. FUNCTION OF OSTEOBLASTS OSSIFICATION OR OSTEOGENESIS

39. OSTEOCYTES FORMED WHEN OSTEOBLASTS ARE SURROUNDED BY MATRIX MAINTAIN MATRIX AROUND THEMSELVES LACUNAE CANLICULI

40. OSTEOCLASTS

41. LARGE CELLS MULTINUCLEATE RUFFLED BORDER PUMP HYDROGEN IONS AND ENZYMES INTO MATRIX

42. RESORPTION OF BONE OSTEOCLAST PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE OSTEOBLAST ASSIST

43. WHERE DO BONE CELLS COME FROM MESENCHYMAL CELLS STEM CELLS OSTEOGENIC/OSTEO PROGENITOR CELLS OSTEOCLASTS HAVE A DIFFERENT ORIGIN

44. ORGANIZATION OF BONY TISSUE WOVEN VS LAMELLAR CANCELLOUS VS COMPACT

45. CANCELLOUS BONE INTERCONNECTING RODS OR PLATES TRABECULAE SPONGY BONE

46. COMPACT BONE DENSER FEWER SPACES OSTEONS CENTRAL CANAL PERFORATING CANALS

47. HOW DOES BONE DEVELOP INTRAMEMBRANOUS VS ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION

48. INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION

49. MESENCHYMAL MEMBRANE FORMATION BEGINS ABOUT 5TH WEEK GESTATION

50. OSSIFICATION BEGINS AT ABOUT 8TH WEEK GESTATION

51. IS COMPLETED BY ABOUT TWO YEARS OF AGE

52. BONES FORMED BY INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION SKULL BONES MANDIBLE PARTS OF CLAVICLES

53. RED BONE MARROW

54. ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION

55. CARTILAGE FORMATION BEGINS AT ABOUT THE FOURTH WEEK OF GESTATION

56. OSSIFICATION BEGINS AT ABOUT 8 WEEKS OF GESTATION

57. SOME MAY NOT BEGIN OSSIFICATION UNTIL LATER

58. BONES FORMED BY ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION FEMUR HUMERUS ETC

59. BONE GROWTH APPOSITIONAL GROWTH

60. ROLE OF THE EPIPHYSEAL PLATE IN BONE GROWTH ZONE OF RESTING CARTILAGE ZONE OF PROLIFERATION ZONE OF HYPERTROPHY ZONE OF DIFFERENTIATION

61. ZONE OF RESTING CARTILAGE

62. ZONE OF PROLIFERATION

63. ZONE OF HYPERTROPHY

64. ZONE OF DIFFERENTIATION

65. HOW THE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE GROWS SIMILAR TO PROCESS IN EPIPHYSEAL PLATE COLUMNS ARE NOT AS PRONOUNCED

66. HOW BONES INCREASE IN DIAMETER APPOSITIONAL GROWTH

67. FACTORS THAT AFFECT BONE GROWTH NUTRITION HORMONES

68. NUTRITION VITAMIN D VITAMIN C

69. VITAMIN D NECESSARY FOR ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM SYNTHESIZED BY BODY OR INGESTED LACK CAN CAUSE RICKETS OR OSTEOMALACIA

70. VITAMIN C NEEDED FOR COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS

71. HORMONES GROWTH HORMONE THYROID HORMONE ESTROGENS ANDROGENS

72. GROWTH HORMONE INCREASE TISSUE GROWTH INCREASE BONE GROWTH STIMULATES INTERSTITIAL CARTILAGE GROWTH STIMULATES BONE GROWTH

73. THYROID HORMONE STIMULATES NORMAL CARTILAGE GROWTH

74. ESTROGENS STIMULATE GROWTH CAUSES RAPID GROWTH AT EPIPHYSEAL PLATE CAUSE QUICKER CLOSURE OF EPIPHYSEAL PLATE THIS IS WHY FEMALES ARE GENERALLY SMALLER THAN MALES

75. TESTOSTERONE STIMULATES BONE GROWTH SLOWER TO CLOSE EPIPHYSEAL PLATE THAT IS WHY MALES ARE GENERALLY TALLER

76. BONE REMODELING REMOVAL OF OLD BONE BY OSTEOCLASTS DEPOSITION OF NEW BONE BY OSTEOBLASTS

77. FUNCTIONS OF REMODELING CONVERTS WOVEN BONE INTO LAMELLAR BONE BONE GROWTH CHANGES IN BONE SHAPE ADJUSTMENTS TO STRESS BONE REPAIR CALCIUM ION REGULATION

78. CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS PARATHYROID HORMONE CALCITONIN

79. PARATHYROID HORMONE MAJOR REGULATOR OF BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS DIRECT EFFECT ON OSTEOBLASTS INDIRECT EFFECT ON OSTEOCLASTS INCREASES UPTAKE OF CALCIUM BY GI TRACT PROMOTES FORMATION OF VITAMIN D BY KIDNEYS INCREASES REABSORPTION OF CALCIUM BY KIDNEYS

80. CALCITONIN DECREASES OSTEOCLAST ACTIVITY INCREASES CALCIUM STORAGE

81. BONE FRACTURES AND REPAIR

82. TYPES OF FRACTURES

83. SIMPLE

85. COMPOUND

86. COMMINUTED

87. DEPRESSED FRACTURE

88. IMPACTED

89. SPIRAL

90. GREENSTICK

91. COLLE’S FRACTURE

92. POTTS FRACTURE

93. COMPRESSION FRACTURE

94. Repair of a Fracture (1) Formation of fracture hematoma –damaged blood vessels produce clot in 6-8 hours, bone cells die –inflammation brings in phagocytic cells for clean-up duty –new capillaries grow into damaged area Formation of fibrocartilagenous callus formation –fibroblasts invade the procallus & lay down collagen fibers –chondroblasts produce fibrocartilage to span the broken ends of the bone

95. Repair of a Fracture (2) Formation of bony callus –osteoblasts secrete spongy bone that joins 2 broken ends of bone –lasts 3-4 months Bone remodeling –compact bone replaces the spongy in the bony callus –surface is remodeled back to normal shape

96. BONE REPAIR HEMATOMA FORMATION INTERNAL CALLUS FORMATION EXTERNAL CALLUS FORMATION CARTILAGE OSSIFICATION BONE REMODELING

97. HEMATOMA

98. CALLOUS FORMATION

99. CARTILAGINOUS CALLUS

100. CONVERSION TO BONY CALLUS

101. BONE REMODELING

102. IMPORTANCE OF STRESS IN BONE REPAIR

103. EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE SKELETAL SYSTEM LOSS OF CALCIUM FROM BONE MORE SEVERE IN WOMEN THAN MEN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS MAY SLOW LEADING TO BRITTLE BONES