1. Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.Slide 1 Chapter 5 Microbiology Basics

2. Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.Slide 2 Introduction  The human body is often invaded by disease- producing organisms; these pathogens disrupt normal structure and function and are a common cause of disability and death.

3. Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.Slide 3 Disease and Pathogens  Disease is a failure of the body to function normally.  Types  Genetic  Congenital  Age-related degenerative diseases  Disease related to nutritional deficiencies or excess  Disease related to trauma and environmental toxins  Organ failure  Inflammation

4. Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.Slide 4 Disease and Pathogens cont’d  Infections are diseases caused by pathogens.  Pathogenic means….?  Infection is the invasion of the body by a pathogen and the symptoms that develop in response to this invasion   Differentiate between localized & systemic infection Edema, redness, heat, pain or tenderness, and loss of function Edema, redness, heat, pain or tenderness, and loss of function Systemic signs: fever, leukocytosis, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and lymph node enlargement Systemic signs: fever, leukocytosis, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and lymph node enlargement   Review key microbiological Terms

5. Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Infection Process  Microorganisms must follow a definite cycle or chain to be transported and be effective in contamination and must have the following elements:  Infectious agent  a pathogen  Reservoir  where the pathogen can grow  Exit from the reservoir The most common portals of exit are the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts The most common portals of exit are the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts  Method of transportation, such as exudate, feces, air, hands, needles Vector or Fomite Vector or Fomite  Entrance through skin, mucous lining, or mouth Most pathogens enter the body through the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract. Most pathogens enter the body through the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract.  Host  another person or animal Person to person Person to person Environment to person Environment to person Tiny animals to person Tiny animals to person The cycle must be interrupted to prevent the spread of a microorganism.

6. Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Disease and Pathogens cont’d  Infections follow a progressive course. Incubation period Incubation period  Time between entrance of pathogen into body & appearance of 1 st symptoms Prodromal stage Prodromal stage  Time from onset of nonspecific s/s Illness stage Illness stage  Time when pt manifests s/s specific to type of infection Convalescence  Time when acute symptoms of infection disappear Slide 6

7. Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.Slide 7 Types of Pathogens  Microorganisms/ Microbes  Bacteria  Found everywhere  1 st observed by Van Leeuwenhoek  Flourish in the human body b/c it’s idea (Temp, warm, moist and dark)  Normal flora  Beneficial but can become pathogenic  Makes up the largest group of pathogens  Cause damage by  Multiplying in the body  Secreting toxins that damage cells  Classification- into 3 groups based on shape  Coccus (round): diplococcus (paired), streptococcus (chains), staphylococcus (grapelike cluster)  Bacillus (rod-shape long and slender)  Curved rod (vibrio, spirillum, spirochete)  What is the most famous of the spirochetes?

8. Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.Slide 8 Types of Pathogens cont’d  Two important characteristics of bacteria 1. Cell wall: bacteria are surrounded by a cell wall  Destruction of the cell wall destroys the bacterium (action of penicillin) 2. Spore formation: some bacteria form spores that protect them from environmental conditions (drying, heat, chemicals) 2. Spore formation: some bacteria form spores that protect them from environmental conditions (drying, heat, chemicals)  Also considered as bacteria ( although smaller)  a. Rickettsia: parasites that are often carried by fleas, ticks, and lice  b. Chlamydia: a common sexually transmitted disease Chlamydia is responsible for trachoma ( leading cause of blindness in the world) Chlamydia is responsible for trachoma ( leading cause of blindness in the world)

9. Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.Slide 9 Types of Pathogens  Viruses  Smallest of the infectious agents.  No cell wall  Parasitic  Is Penicillin appropriate treatment for viral infections? Explain your answer.  URI and HIV HIV  Fungi  Root word myco= ____  Cause mycotic infections  Athlete's feet, Vaginitis, Thrush  What could happen when antibiotic therapy is used?

10. Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.Slide 10 Types of Pathogens  Protozoa- single cell animal like microbes. Mainly found in soil and body of water  Four main types  Amebas  Ciliates  Flagellates  Sporozoa  Potentially harmful diseases  Amebic dysentery  Giardiasis  Malaria ( plasmodium malariae)  Pneumocystits carini  Cryptosporidium

11. Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.Slide 11 Types of Pathogens-cont’d Other Larger Pathogens  Parasitic Worms (Helminths)  Round worms  Flat worms  Spread via fecal-oral route  Arthropods  Ectoparasites  Vector  Host

12. Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.Slide 12 Laboratory Identification  Staining-- What information is obtained from the Gram- staining technique?  Differentiate between Gram-staining and a culture.  Gram stain  Acid-fast stain  What is the most common “acid-fast” bacillus?

13. Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.Slide 13 Lab. Identification CultureCulture  Why may a culture and sensitivity be done?  Why is it important that you not touch a specimen with your hands or unclean equipment?  Antibiotics  Cell wall synthesis inhibitors  Cell membrane inhibitors  Protein synthesis inhibitors  Competitive Inhibitors   Narrow, Broad or Limited spectrum  What is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic agents?  Sterilization  No degree of sterilization an object is or isn’t sterile  Involves the use of heat*, radiation, chemicals or physical removal of cells Alexander Fleming Joseph Lister Louis Pasteur Morphology

14. Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.Slide 14 Five Germ-Laden Stories What are the microbiological principles?  Wash Those Mitts  Flora and Her Vaginal Itch  Rick, Nick, and the Sick Tick  Why Typhoid Mary Needed to Lose Her Gallbladder  HIV or STD?  What are Leutic infections?  Syphilis infections