1. Applied Sec 4 Review

2. Exam Breakdown 15 multiple choices 4 long answer 6 technical questions (Hint: They are all worth 4 points)

3. Concepts on exam 1.1 Forces 1.2 Chemical Changes 1.3 Electricity, Magnetism, Electromagnetism 1.4 Circuit design 4.3 Electrical Engineering 2.1 Hydrosphere 2.2 Atmosphere 3 Ecosystems 4.1 Mechanical engineering 4.2 Materials and constraints

4. Review 1.1 Forces

5. Forces Definition: –A force is an action that can change the motion of an object or deform the object by pushing or pulling on it Many different types of forces –A) Gravitational –B) Strong and Weak Nuclear Force –C) Electromagnetic Force

6. Forces A) Gravitational Force –Using the following formula, we can convert mass (kg) into Weight (N) using the gravitational constant Fg = mass (kg) * g –Each planet will have its own Gravitational Constant

7. Forces B) Strong and Weak Nuclear Force –Forces found in the nucleus of the atom –Strong = glue that keeps the nucleus together –Weak = force responsible for beta radiation C) Electromagnetic Force –Force Resulting from the attraction or repulsion of charges or poles

8. Forces in Fluids Pressure : Force / surface area 3 Main principles: –Archimedes An object submerged in water experiences a buoyancy force equal to the weight of water it displaces –Pascal Force applied on a fluid is transmitted uniformly in all direction –Bernoulli The faster the fluid the less pressure Explain the lift of Air Planes

9. Review 1.2 Chemical Changes

10. Chemical Changes Signs of a chemical change –Release of gas –Emission or absorption of heat/light –Color change –Formation of a precipitate

11. Chemical Changes Types of chemical Changes –Synthesis –Decomposition –Precipitation –Acid-Base neutralization –A) Oxidation –B) Combustion

12. Chemical Changes A) Oxidation –Chemical Change in which Oxygen (or an oxidizing agent) is a reagent (before the arrow) B) Combustion –Form of oxidation that releases a large amount of energy

13. The Fire Triangle

14. Review 1.3: Electricity, Magnetism, Electromagnetism

15. Electricity Electricity: –All phenomena caused by positive and negative charges Negatively charged object (more e- than p+) Positively charged object (more p+ than e-) Neutral object (same amount of p+ and e-) –Attraction and Repulsion Like charges repel Opposite charges attract

16. Electricity Characteristics of a circuit –Intensity –Potential Difference –Resistance V= RI –Where V = Potential Difference in Volts R = Resistance in Ohms I = Intensity in Amperes

17. Electricity –Energy –Electrical Power –Work E = W E = Pe *∆t –Where E = Energy (J or kWh) Pe = Electrical Power (W or kW) ∆ t = time interval (s or h)

18. Magnetism Magnetism: –All phenomena caused by magnets A magnet is an object that can attract other objects containing iron, cobalt or nickel

19. Magnetism Have you ever noticed? –It doesn’t matter which part of the magnet you bring to iron, it will always attract to a magnet. –Why? Iron is made up of small polarized regions called domains. Each of these act like a small magnet. When you magnetize the iron, the domains align to be attracted to the magnet. Remember opposites attract

20. Magnetism Attraction and Repulsion –Opposites attract –Like poles repel

21. Electromagnetism Electromagnetism: –All phenomena resulting from the interaction between electricity and magnetism. –Right Hand rules: Live Wire –Thumb points to the negative terminal –Fingers show the direction of the magnetic field

22. Electromagnetism Right Hand rule –Solenoids (a cylindrical coil of live wire) You fingers follow the coil and point towards the negative terminal Your thumb indicates the magnetic North

23. Electromagnetism How can you tell what is the negative terminal? –In the circuit drawings the negative terminal will either be identified with a – Or… –In the following symbol the shorter terminal is the negative one

24. Electromagnetism You can generate an electrical field by… –Moving a conductor in a magnetic field –Moving a magnet around a conductor

25. Review 1.4 Circuit Design

26. Circuit Design Types of electrical circuits A.Series circuit Definition: –Circuit that contains only one branch or path for the electrons to follow. Characteristics –If one element is defective, the electricity does not flow –The intensity is the same all around the circuit –The resistance adds up

27. Circuit Design B.Parallel circuit Definition –Circuit that contains at least one branch or paths for the electrons to follow. Characteristics –If an element is defective, the elements on that particular branch will stop working only –Resistance is shared (so resistance is lower) –Current intensity adds up

28. Circuit Design Common symbols

29. Electrical oddities A circuit must be closed in order to allow the energy to flow A light will only light up when the electrons complete a full circuit (one side of the power source to another)

30. Review 4.3 Electrical Engineering

31. Circuits in general Every circuit whether found in electronics or in electrical appliances requires components with similar electrical functions (role of the component): 1. Power supply 2. Conductors, insulators and protectors 3. A control 4. Transformation of energy

32. 1. Power Supply Definition: –Any component that has the ability (electrical function) to generate electrical current in a circuit –There can be many types of power supplies: Batteries Solar Panel Wall Socket Alternators (etc.)

33. 2. Conduction, Insulation, Control a)Conduction Definition: Any component that has the ability (electrical function) to conduct electricity E.g. wires, printed circuits b)Insulation: Definition: Any component that has the ability (electrical function) to inhibit the flow of electricity

34. 2. Conduction, Insulation, Control c) Protection: Definition: Any component that has the ability (electrical function) to protect the circuit from a surcharge or short circuit E.g fuse and breakers

35. 3. Controls Definition: –Any component that has the ability (electrical function) to control the travel of electrical current (is the circuit open or closed) **** A closed circuit allows the electricity to flow, while an open circuit does not –Types of switches Lever, Pushbutton, Flip-Flop, Magnetic controller

36. Transformation of energy Definition: –Any component that has the ability (electrical function) to convert electrical energy into another form of energy. –E.g Heating element Light bulb Fan

37. Review 2.1 Hydrosphere

38. Hydrosphere Water sheds: –Area of land in which al inland waters drain into the same larger body of water –Please do not forget that a contaminant entering the river will flow with the water. –So anything up river of the disaster will not be affect in the same matter as down river

39. Review 2.2 Atmosphere

40. The Weather Makers Combination of air masses: –Air masses do not mix, Instead they will create a front –A cold front: When cold air meets warmer air The warm less dense air rises rapidly Causing major storms –A warm front: When warm air meets colder air The warm less dense air rises slowly Causing many days of light rain

41. The Weather Makers Anticyclone: –Area of atmospheric circulation surrounding a High pressure center (H). Air turns clockwise Cyclone: –Area of atmosphere circulation surrounding a Low pressure center (L). Air turns counterclockwise.

42. Tides Tidal Facts –High tides occur twice a day –High tides occur when the moon is directly above (highest of the tides) and is directly opposite (smaller high tide) –The tide size varies during the day –The tides are created mainly by the moon but also by the Sun

43. Review 3.1: Ecosystems

44. 2. Ecosystems Definition: –how living things interact with their surroundings (both living and nonliving components) –This leads us to the concept of Trophic Levels

45. a) Trophic levels Trophic level: –The feeding connections among living organisms in an ecosystem (a food chain)

46. a) Trophic Levels i) Producers –Create organic matter from inorganic matter (water, minerals, sunlight) of the ecosystem –In other words they are autotrophs; they can feed themselves without consuming others

47. a) Trophic Levels Ii) Consumers –Heterotrophic organisms that feed on other living organisms –Different degrees of consumers 1 st order: eats the producer directly 2 nd order: eats the 1 st order who ate the producer 3 rd order: eats the 2 nd order who are the 1 st order who ate …. Well you get the picture

48. a) Trophic Levels Iii)Decomposers: –Organisms that feed on the waste and remains of other living organisms

49. More definitions Primary productivity of an ecosystem –Definition: The amount of new biomass generated by the ecosystems producers –Factors: Amount of water Amount of light Amount of nutrients Temperature

50. Ecosystems Disturbances

51. Definition: –Event that damages an ecosystem. It can lead to the elimination of organisms and alter the availability of resources. Types: –Natural Disturbances Triggered by environmental phenomena –E.g. ice storm –Human Disturbances Triggered by human activities –E.g. logging

52. Review 4.1: Mechanical Engineering

53. Review 4.2: Materials and Constraints