1. Classical Conditioning

2. Experiencing Classical Conditioning

3. Learning A relatively permanent change in behavior caused by experience

4. Classical Conditioning Type of learning where a stimulus gains the power to cause a response The stimulus predicts another stimulus that already produces that response Form of learning by association

5. Stimulus-Response Stimulus - anything in the environment that one can respond to Response – any behavior or action

6. Stimulus-Response Relationship

8. Components of Classical Conditioning

9. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Stimulus that triggers a response reflexively and automatically

10. Unconditioned Response (UCR) Automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus The relationship between the UCS and UCR must be reflexive and not learned

11. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Previously neutral stimulus that, through learning, gains the power to cause a response The CS must be a neutral stimulus before conditioning occurs.

12. Conditioned Response Response to the conditioned stimulus Usually the same behavior as the UCR

13. Classical Conditioning Processes: Acquisition

14. Acquisition Process of developing a learned response The subject learns a new response (CR) to a previously neutral stimulus (CS)

15. Acquisition

16. Classical Conditioning Processes: Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery

17. Extinction Diminishing of a learned response In classical conditioning, the continual presentation of the CS without the UCS

18. Extinction

19. Spontaneous Recovery The return of an extinguished classically conditioned response after a rest period

20. Spontaneous Recovery

21. Ivan Pavlov’s Discovery

22. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Learning theorist famous for discovery of classical conditioning

23. Pavlov’s Method of Collecting Saliva

24. Pavlov’s Research Apparatus

25. Pavlov’s Experiment

28. Generalization and Discrimination

29. Generalization Producing the same response to two similar stimuli The more similar the substitute stimulus is to the original used in conditioning, the stronger the generalized response

30. Generalization

31. Discrimination Producing different responses to two stimuli The subject learns that one stimuli predicts the UCS and the other does not.

32. John Watson and the Classical Conditioning of Emotions

33. Behaviorism View that psychology should restrict its efforts to studying observable behaviors, not mental processes Founded by John Watson

34. Little Albert 11-month-old infant Watson and Rosalie Rayner, conditioned Albert to be frightened of white rats Led to questions about experimental ethics

35. Little Albert – Before Conditioning

36. Little Albert – During Conditioning

37. Little Albert – After Conditioning

38. Little Albert - Generalization

39. Cognition and Biological Predispositions

40. Cognition Mental processes What effect does cognition have on learning?

41. Robert Rescorla (1940- ) Developed a theory emphasizing the importance of cognitive processes in classical conditioning Developed theory with Allan Wagner Pointed out that subjects had to determine (think) whether the CS was a reliable predictor of the UCS

42. Taste Aversion Subjects become classically conditioned to avoid specific tastes, because the tastes are associated with nausea. John Garcia (1917- )

43. The End