1. Do Now: What is Mummification?
AIM: Why did the Ancient Egyptians Mummify their dead?
A process to prepare a dead person’s body for the afterlife.

2. Mummification
“The Best of Both Worlds”

3. The students will be able to analyze the reason(s) for mummification.
Objectives:
The students will recognize the definition and process of mummification.
The students will be able to analyze the reason(s) for mummification.

4. Afterlife Life after death
Why would the Egyptians want to be mummified?
Afterlife
Wanted to live forever with their gods.
Life after death
Hapi Since suffocation would be the form of death that made the lungs the victim, the main form of suffocation, namely drowning, became attributed to the deity protecting the lung jar. Consequently, he first gained the name geese, in reference to floating on water, and then later gained the more sarcastic name runner, in reference to river currents (some of the glyphs involved represent water), which is Hapi (also spelt Hapy and Apephi) in Egyptian. This association with water lead to his protector being the goddess Anuket, goddess of the source of the Nile (the main, and in most places, only, river in Egypt), and later, when Anuket was identified as Nephthys, so his protector became Nephthys.
Imset Since the liver was thought of as the seat of emotion, so a broken heart was the form of death attributed to the deity protecting the liver. Thus the name of this deity, sarcastically, became the kindly one, which is Imsety (also spelt Amset, Imset, Amsety, Mesti, and Mesta) in Egyptian. Likewise, the cause of such emotion would likely be that of a beautiful woman, thus his protector was the goddess Aset (Isis).
Duamutef In war, in ancient times, the most significant weaponry was the bow and arrow, able to hit targets at a distance, but due to the distance, required aiming at the most visible part of the body – the centre of the torso. Whereas in hand to hand combat, the torso was also the most aimed for region, in particular, the stomach. In this manner, the deity protecting the stomach was associated with death by war, gaining the sarcastic name Duamutef (also spelt Tuamutef), meaning Adoring his mother, in reference to his motherland. His protector became the goddess Neith, who was originally a war goddess, associated with the bow & arrow.
Qebehsenuf The remaining canopic jar carried the intestines, which were often used, when from sacrificed animals, by soothsayers, to predict the future, whereas, on the other hand, the intestines were also noticeably the victims of poison. These twin associations with magic, and death by poison, lead to the protector of this deity being Serket, the scorpion goddess, associated with poison and magic. With death by poison, the canopic jar deity was given the sarcastic name my brother's libation, which is Qebehsenuf (also spelt Kebechsenef, and Kebehsenuf) in Egyptian, in reference to the poisoner.

5. The Process of Mummification
Removal of Brain
Removed the brain because they thought the heart was the thinking part of the body. They thought the brain didn’t do anything.
Hapi Since suffocation would be the form of death that made the lungs the victim, the main form of suffocation, namely drowning, became attributed to the deity protecting the lung jar. Consequently, he first gained the name geese, in reference to floating on water, and then later gained the more sarcastic name runner, in reference to river currents (some of the glyphs involved represent water), which is Hapi (also spelt Hapy and Apephi) in Egyptian. This association with water lead to his protector being the goddess Anuket, goddess of the source of the Nile (the main, and in most places, only, river in Egypt), and later, when Anuket was identified as Nephthys, so his protector became Nephthys.
Imset Since the liver was thought of as the seat of emotion, so a broken heart was the form of death attributed to the deity protecting the liver. Thus the name of this deity, sarcastically, became the kindly one, which is Imsety (also spelt Amset, Imset, Amsety, Mesti, and Mesta) in Egyptian. Likewise, the cause of such emotion would likely be that of a beautiful woman, thus his protector was the goddess Aset (Isis).
Duamutef In war, in ancient times, the most significant weaponry was the bow and arrow, able to hit targets at a distance, but due to the distance, required aiming at the most visible part of the body – the centre of the torso. Whereas in hand to hand combat, the torso was also the most aimed for region, in particular, the stomach. In this manner, the deity protecting the stomach was associated with death by war, gaining the sarcastic name Duamutef (also spelt Tuamutef), meaning Adoring his mother, in reference to his motherland. His protector became the goddess Neith, who was originally a war goddess, associated with the bow & arrow.
Qebehsenuf The remaining canopic jar carried the intestines, which were often used, when from sacrificed animals, by soothsayers, to predict the future, whereas, on the other hand, the intestines were also noticeably the victims of poison. These twin associations with magic, and death by poison, lead to the protector of this deity being Serket, the scorpion goddess, associated with poison and magic. With death by poison, the canopic jar deity was given the sarcastic name my brother's libation, which is Qebehsenuf (also spelt Kebechsenef, and Kebehsenuf) in Egyptian, in reference to the poisoner.

6. The Process of Mummification
What organs were removed & which one stayed ?
Stomach
Liver
Hapi Since suffocation would be the form of death that made the lungs the victim, the main form of suffocation, namely drowning, became attributed to the deity protecting the lung jar. Consequently, he first gained the name geese, in reference to floating on water, and then later gained the more sarcastic name runner, in reference to river currents (some of the glyphs involved represent water), which is Hapi (also spelt Hapy and Apephi) in Egyptian. This association with water lead to his protector being the goddess Anuket, goddess of the source of the Nile (the main, and in most places, only, river in Egypt), and later, when Anuket was identified as Nephthys, so his protector became Nephthys.
Imset Since the liver was thought of as the seat of emotion, so a broken heart was the form of death attributed to the deity protecting the liver. Thus the name of this deity, sarcastically, became the kindly one, which is Imsety (also spelt Amset, Imset, Amsety, Mesti, and Mesta) in Egyptian. Likewise, the cause of such emotion would likely be that of a beautiful woman, thus his protector was the goddess Aset (Isis).
Duamutef In war, in ancient times, the most significant weaponry was the bow and arrow, able to hit targets at a distance, but due to the distance, required aiming at the most visible part of the body – the centre of the torso. Whereas in hand to hand combat, the torso was also the most aimed for region, in particular, the stomach. In this manner, the deity protecting the stomach was associated with death by war, gaining the sarcastic name Duamutef (also spelt Tuamutef), meaning Adoring his mother, in reference to his motherland. His protector became the goddess Neith, who was originally a war goddess, associated with the bow & arrow.
Qebehsenuf The remaining canopic jar carried the intestines, which were often used, when from sacrificed animals, by soothsayers, to predict the future, whereas, on the other hand, the intestines were also noticeably the victims of poison. These twin associations with magic, and death by poison, lead to the protector of this deity being Serket, the scorpion goddess, associated with poison and magic. With death by poison, the canopic jar deity was given the sarcastic name my brother's libation, which is Qebehsenuf (also spelt Kebechsenef, and Kebehsenuf) in Egyptian, in reference to the poisoner.
Lungs
Intestines
Heart
NEXT

7. The Process of Mummification I am Qebesenuf I hold the Intestines
I am Hapi
I hold the Lungs
I am Qebesenuf I hold the Intestines
I am Duamutef
I hold the Stomach
I am Imseti
I hold the Liver
Canopic Jars
Hapi Since suffocation would be the form of death that made the lungs the victim, the main form of suffocation, namely drowning, became attributed to the deity protecting the lung jar. Consequently, he first gained the name geese, in reference to floating on water, and then later gained the more sarcastic name runner, in reference to river currents (some of the glyphs involved represent water), which is Hapi (also spelt Hapy and Apephi) in Egyptian. This association with water lead to his protector being the goddess Anuket, goddess of the source of the Nile (the main, and in most places, only, river in Egypt), and later, when Anuket was identified as Nephthys, so his protector became Nephthys.
Imset Since the liver was thought of as the seat of emotion, so a broken heart was the form of death attributed to the deity protecting the liver. Thus the name of this deity, sarcastically, became the kindly one, which is Imsety (also spelt Amset, Imset, Amsety, Mesti, and Mesta) in Egyptian. Likewise, the cause of such emotion would likely be that of a beautiful woman, thus his protector was the goddess Aset (Isis).
Duamutef In war, in ancient times, the most significant weaponry was the bow and arrow, able to hit targets at a distance, but due to the distance, required aiming at the most visible part of the body – the centre of the torso. Whereas in hand to hand combat, the torso was also the most aimed for region, in particular, the stomach. In this manner, the deity protecting the stomach was associated with death by war, gaining the sarcastic name Duamutef (also spelt Tuamutef), meaning Adoring his mother, in reference to his motherland. His protector became the goddess Neith, who was originally a war goddess, associated with the bow & arrow.
Qebehsenuf The remaining canopic jar carried the intestines, which were often used, when from sacrificed animals, by soothsayers, to predict the future, whereas, on the other hand, the intestines were also noticeably the victims of poison. These twin associations with magic, and death by poison, lead to the protector of this deity being Serket, the scorpion goddess, associated with poison and magic. With death by poison, the canopic jar deity was given the sarcastic name my brother's libation, which is Qebehsenuf (also spelt Kebechsenef, and Kebehsenuf) in Egyptian, in reference to the poisoner.
They hold some of the organs of the mummy

8. The Process of Mummification
The mummy is dried with salt. (Natron)
The mummy is wrapped with linen..
Hapi Since suffocation would be the form of death that made the lungs the victim, the main form of suffocation, namely drowning, became attributed to the deity protecting the lung jar. Consequently, he first gained the name geese, in reference to floating on water, and then later gained the more sarcastic name runner, in reference to river currents (some of the glyphs involved represent water), which is Hapi (also spelt Hapy and Apephi) in Egyptian. This association with water lead to his protector being the goddess Anuket, goddess of the source of the Nile (the main, and in most places, only, river in Egypt), and later, when Anuket was identified as Nephthys, so his protector became Nephthys.
Imset Since the liver was thought of as the seat of emotion, so a broken heart was the form of death attributed to the deity protecting the liver. Thus the name of this deity, sarcastically, became the kindly one, which is Imsety (also spelt Amset, Imset, Amsety, Mesti, and Mesta) in Egyptian. Likewise, the cause of such emotion would likely be that of a beautiful woman, thus his protector was the goddess Aset (Isis).
Duamutef In war, in ancient times, the most significant weaponry was the bow and arrow, able to hit targets at a distance, but due to the distance, required aiming at the most visible part of the body – the centre of the torso. Whereas in hand to hand combat, the torso was also the most aimed for region, in particular, the stomach. In this manner, the deity protecting the stomach was associated with death by war, gaining the sarcastic name Duamutef (also spelt Tuamutef), meaning Adoring his mother, in reference to his motherland. His protector became the goddess Neith, who was originally a war goddess, associated with the bow & arrow.
Qebehsenuf The remaining canopic jar carried the intestines, which were often used, when from sacrificed animals, by soothsayers, to predict the future, whereas, on the other hand, the intestines were also noticeably the victims of poison. These twin associations with magic, and death by poison, lead to the protector of this deity being Serket, the scorpion goddess, associated with poison and magic. With death by poison, the canopic jar deity was given the sarcastic name my brother's libation, which is Qebehsenuf (also spelt Kebechsenef, and Kebehsenuf) in Egyptian, in reference to the poisoner.

9. Steps in Mummification
Amulets (charms) are placed in between the linen layers.
The mummy is wrapped with linen..

10. Steps in Mummification
The death mask is place over the head.
The mummy is place in a series of coffins.

12. Funeral Procession/Parade
A parade would be held with the Pharaoh’s body and grave goods with actors as mourners, crying. Then the boarded a boat across the Nile to the Valley of the Kings.

13. Activity: Practice the mummification process