1. World War II Standard SS6H7: The student will explain conflict and change in Europe to the 21 st century. b. Explain the impact of WWII in terms of the Holocaust, the origins of the Cold War, and the rise of Superpowers.

2. Acts of Aggression  During the 1930’s Japan, Italy, & Germany committed acts of aggression against other countries. Aggression- a warlike action, such as an invasion or an attack.

3. Hitler’s Aggression  In the 1930’s, many Germans lived in Austria, Czechoslovakia, & Poland. Hitler wanted to unite these countries to bring all Germans together.  Hitler invaded Austria in 1938; Hitler invaded the Sudetenland (region of Czechoslovakia) in 1938. Soon Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia.

4. Hitler’s Aggression  Britain & France realized they could no longer ignore Hitler. They asked the Soviet Union to be their ally, but Soviet Leader Joseph Stalin had made a secret alliance with Hitler. Friends??

5. WWII Begins  September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland.  Two days later Britain & France declared war on Germany.  Below is an interactive map of Nazi controlled Europe: http://www.worldology.com/Europe/world_war_ 2_imap.htm

6. Blitzkrieg (Lightning War)  The Germans adopted a war tactic called blitzkrieg, which means “lightning war.”  A characteristic of blitzkrieg was a highly mobile infantry and armor working together.

7. Battle of Britain  Next, in the summer & autumn of 1940, Hitler sent his planes to bomb Great Britain. The British fought back with their own air force.  This became known as the Battle of Britain.  The Battle of Britain was the 1 st major battle to be fought entirely by air forces.

8. Battle of Britain  German Luftwaffe (Air Force) vs. Great Britain’s Royal Air Force (RAF).

9. Battle of Britain  Citizens of Great Britain had to take cover daily during German bombing raids.

10. Battle of Britain  London’s subways became home to thousands during the bombings.

11. Winston Churchill  Winston Churchill became Prime Minister of Britain in 1940.  During the Battle of Britain, Churchill encouraged the British people to resist the Nazis. The British Bulldog

12. Betrayal  In June 1941, Hitler turned on his ally & invaded the Soviet Union.  The Battle of Stalingrad begins. It lasted from July 17, 1942 – February 2, 1943!  The battle was the bloodiest in the history of warfare.  Combined casualties of 2 million people.

13. Battle of Stalingrad  As winter set in, the Germans found themselves vulnerable to Soviet attacks.  For the 1 st time in the war, Hitler’s army was forced to retreat.

14. Other Side of the World  In late 1941, Japan was taking control of Southeast Asia and the Pacific.  Seeing the U.S. as a possible enemy, Japanese leaders attempted to destroy the U.S. naval fleet in the Pacific.  On December 7, 1941, Japan launched an air attack on the naval base of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

15. Japan Prepares for the Attack

16. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

17. Attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

18. Interactive Attack Map  Remembering Pearl Harbor @ nationalgeographic.com Remembering Pearl Harbor @ nationalgeographic.com

19. Pearl Harbor Attack Facts  Japanese force consisted of six carriers with 423 planes.  Eighteen U.S. ships were hit.  Casualties included 2,335 servicemen and 68 civilians.  More than 180 U.S. aircraft were destroyed.  During the attack, the USS Arizona sank with a loss of more than 1,100 men.

20. USS Arizona Memorial

21. World Consequences  THE NEXT DAY, December 8, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan.  Great Britain also declared war on Japan.  3 days later, Germany & Italy (both allies with Japan) declared war on the U.S.  In response, Congress declared war on both countries!

22. Holocaust  In 1942, Adolf Hitler ordered the destruction of Europe’s entire Jewish population.  The Nazi genocide, the planned killing of a race of people, is called the Holocaust.  6 million Jews and millions of non-Jews were persecuted and murdered.

23. by the Nazi regime and its followers.

24. Hitler believed that Germans were racially superior and that Jews were inferior and a threat to the German Society.

25. Hitler blamed the Jews for everything: 1. Defeat in WWI 2. The Great Depression 3. Fall of Czar in Russia

26. At the beginning of WWII, Jews were taken from their homes and sent to live in ghettoes or concentration (death) camps.

28. Those who could work were forced into slave labor.

29. Those who could NOT work were sent to gas chambers and killed.

31. Hitler also killed mentally ill people and physically handicapped people claiming they were “ unworthy of life ”.

32. 2:3 Ratio Hitler killed 2 out of every 3 Jews.

33. Many Europeans ignored or refused to believe what was happening during the holocaust. Some people still deny that the Holocaust ever occurred to this day.

34. Oskar Schindler Some brave Europeans tried to save Jews from being killed.

35. The Holocaust

36. TERMS TO KNOW: 1. Anti-Semitism – hatred of Jews 2. Genocide – planned killing of a race of people. 3. Holocaust – Greek word meaning “ sacrifice by fire ”.

37. Auschwitz Virtual Tour  http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/gen ocide/launch_ani_auschwitz_map.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/gen ocide/launch_ani_auschwitz_map.shtml

38. Conflict  At the time of Stalingrad, American & British forces defeated the Germans in North Africa.  In the Pacific, Japan lost several important battles.  Led by the U.S., allied forces, including Australia & New Zealand, began to regain some of the Pacific islands Japan had taken.

39. The Allies Go Island Hopping  Island by island, the Allies slowly pushed the Japanese forces back across the Pacific Ocean.

40. Italy Crumbles  Summer of 1943 – Allies capture the Italian island of Sicily  Italians forced Mussolini to resign.  Italy’s new leader dissolved the Fascist Party.  September 1943- Italy agreed to stop fighting the Allies. Mussolini alive and dead. He is the person farthest on the right.

41. Allies Invade Europe  On June 6, 1944, Allied forces landed on the beaches of Normandy in NW France.  This is known as D-Day.  It was a success, but at a heavy cost of life.

42. D-Day

44. Allies Advance Towards Germany  August 1944 – Allies liberate (free) Paris  Fall of 1944 – Allies on German Border  Winter of 1944-1945 Battle of the Bulge in Belgium

45. Battle of the Bulge  December 16, 1944 – January 25, 1945  Last German offensive move of the war  Americans held strong & defeated the Germans

46. End of the War in Europe  With the Americans attacking from the west and the Soviet Red Army attacking from the east, the Nazi defenses fell apart.  On April 30, 1945, with Berlin surrounded, Adolf Hitler committed suicide.  A week later, Germany surrendered.

47. FDR Dies/End of War Nears  On April 12, 1945- President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies.  On April 12, 1945- President Harry Truman takes command.

48. A New Weapon Ends the War  President Truman decided to end the war with a deadly, new weapon- the atomic Bomb.  August 6, 1945- U.S. drops an atomic Bomb on Hiroshima, Japan  August 9, 1945- U.S. drops another Atomic Bomb on Nagasaki, Japan  5 days later Japan surrendered  Surrender Ceremony happened on September 2, 1945 aboard USS Missouri officially ending WWII

49. Atomic Bomb  Mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan  Cloud rose 11 miles above the ground  Atomic Bomb “Fat Man”

50. Japan Surrender on USS Missouri

52. Hitler-Jugend (Hitler Youth) Motto: Blut und Ehre (Blood and Honor)

53. Its Beginnings  HJ existed from 1922-1945.  HJ was the second oldest group in the Nazi Party.  Hitlerjugend – male youth ages 14-18.  Deutsches Jungvolk – male youth 10-14.  Bund Deutscher (BDM: the League of German Girls) – all children to adulthood.

54. Translation: “Youth serves the leader. All ten year-olds into Hitler Youth.”

55. Why The Young?  Hitler wanted to build a “master race.” The children of Germany were viewed by Hitler as his future hope for such success.  Children were also more naturally teachable and would therefore be more easily molded by Hitler than older adults.  Children could also be of future use in his war efforts.

56. Hitler’s Future

57. How Did Hitler Control His Youth?  Hitler used his image as a father figure. In traditional German homes, you were to obey your father “without question.”  Hitler used an organized program to keep his kids occupied.  Hitler made certain that children were kept as ignorant as possible. The more ignorant children are, the less likely they are to question authority.  Hitler gathered the children into frequent rallies. Youth rallies can have a strong peer pressure effect.

58. How Did Hitler Control His Youth?  Hitler used uniforms. By enforcing a dress code, Hitler’s youth were taught to act and think the same.  Hitler used the Jews as a focus of blame.  Hitler used a propaganda program. He did this to make sure only his ideas were advanced.  Hitler installed “spies” within these ranks of children. Hitler’s children were taught to distrust each other and to only trust Hitler.

59. HJ Training- The New Boy Scouts  The HJ put more emphasis on physical and military training than on academic study.  After the boy scout movement was banned through German-controlled countries, the HJ “borrowed” many of its activities, but “changed” the content and their intentions.  They now practiced weapons training, assault courses, and other military training.  Some cruelty by the older boys toward the younger ones was tolerated and even encouraged, since it was believed this would weed out the unfit and harden the rest.

60. HJ Training

62. HJ Membership  From 1936, membership in the HJ was mandatory for all young German men.  HJ was also seen as an important stepping stone to future membership of the elite Schutzstaffel (the SS).

64. HJ Membership:  At the end of 1933, the HJ had 2,300,000 members.  By December 1936, HJ membership was just over 5 million. That same month, HJ membership became mandatory for all Aryans.  In 1939, HJ membership was required even when it was opposed by the member’s parents.  By 1940, HJ had 8 million members.

65. HJ members in 1933 League of German Girls

66. HJ Organization  HJ was organized into local cells on a community level. Such cells had weekly meetings at which various Nazi doctrines were taught by adult HJ leaders.  Regional leaders typically organized rallies and field exercises in which several dozen HJ community groups would participate.

67. HJ Organization  The largest HJ gathering usually took place annually, at Nuremberg.  Members from all over Germany would converge for the annual Nazi Party rally.

68. Nuremberg Rally

70. HJ in WWII  By 1943, Nazi leaders began turning the HJ into a military reserve to draw manpower which had been decreased due to huge military losses.  Some HJ units were known for their ferocity and fanaticism for fighting to the very end.

71. After World War II  The HJ was disbanded by Allied authorities as part of the denazification process.  Some HJ members were suspected of war crimes, but because they were children, no serious efforts were made to prosecute them.

72. 1945 marked the end of Hilter Jugend forever.