1. LOS Range/ Coverage

2. Data Rate Depends on Distance With the constant power radiated and noise power, the received signal power decrease with distance. So does the signal-to- noise power ratio, and the data rate per hertz, according to Shannon’s Law. P T = 1W G T = G R = 1 F = 2.5 GHz Temp = 10000 0 Free space prop. (d -2 )

3. Line-Of-Sight (LOS) cell Line-of-sight h 2R R= (R+h) cos(  ) Arc AOC length = R*arccos(  ) R ~ 6374 km A B R R  O C

4. Line-Of-Sight communication range LOS area = = 2*Pi*R^2*[h/(R+h)] d = SQRT[(R+h)^2 - R^2] (R ~ 6374 km Shadowed area of the Earth’s surface Line-of-sight h LOS area d 2R A B

5. Potential coverage area increases with altitude... STRATO LEO MEO GEO

6. …but signal latency restrict interactive applications to low altitudes (terrestrial, stratospheric and LEO technologies) The time required for a signal to travel from one point on a network to another. STR LEO GEO MEO

7. Higher altitudes require more power... Reference: 10m S L M G

8. No. of stations to cover the Earth

9. Altitude of stations Terrestrial stations, alt. (1.5) 10-300m Stratospheric stations, alt. 12-50 km (airplanes, balloons) LEO - Low Earth Orbiting Satellites, alt. 150-1’500 km MEO - Medium Earth Orbiting Satellites, alt. 5’000-10’000km GEO - Geostationary Orbit Satellites, alt. ~36’000 km