2. The Epic’s Origins Beowulf is the name given to a long narrative poem originally written in Old English. The work was originally composed within the oral tradition of poetry. This work was eventually recorded by a Christian scribe who altered the text.

3. Historical Background Set entirely in Scandinavia Recorded in writing approximately 700 C.E. to 1000 C.E. by a Christian monk The characters are likely historic; however, Hygelac is the only character who has been identified as a known chieftain.

4. The Oral Tradition Stories were presented in the form of a song by a scop. A scop was the most common form of entertainment during this time. A scop was either an entertainer or a storyteller who traveled from court to court. Rhythm was kept by an accompanying harp. With each re-telling of the story, it continued to change and be altered.

5. Anglo-Saxon Culture The Anglo-Saxon culture was based on a strong belief system of loyalty and reward. At the time, the society was primarily Pagan, meaning that they had no specific belief in any form of a higher power. Warriors fought for glory; however, they also fought with the idea that they would be richly rewarded with gold and other forms of riches.

6. Culture of the Warrior Many warriors fought for gold; others fought for glory. It will be up to you as the reader to determine Beowulf’s motivation for seeking Grendel.

7. Epic Characteristics An extended narrative unfolding in a series of episodes A central heroic figure who performs superhuman deeds A focus upon the history of a nation or people Supernatural agents that involve themselves in the affairs of men A dignified narrative manner

8. Kennings A kenning is a two-word metaphorical name for something. Example: “sea-road” for ocean This is a descriptive technique frequented in Anglo-Saxon poetry.

9. Alliteration Alliteration was a literary technique commonly used by scops as they performed their works. Alliteration has been transferred to Beowulf in its written form and still has a great impact upon the overall tone of the work.