1. Common Bone Features: Holes and Depressed Areas
_________ _________: A hole in bone.
Usually allow the passage of nerve or blood vessel or may exist simply to lighten structure (pelvis)
______________: A depressed or sunken area on the surface of a bone.
Usually occupied by muscles or tendons.

2. The Skeleton ______________ Skeleton = Bones of head and trunk
skull, hyoid bone, vertebrae, ribs, sternum
_______________ Skeleton = Bones of limbs and appendages
thoracic and pelvic limbs
______________ Skeleton = bones formed in the soft organs.

3. Skull
Consists of 37 or 38 separate bones joined by immovable fibrous joints called ____________.
exception: the ______________ is freely movable at is connected to the rest of the skull by a synovial joint.
Skull bones are divided into 3 regions:
Bones of the ____________
Within each region, there are external (visible) and internal (hidden within the skull) bones
Delete italic as shown 3

4. Bones of the Cranium
Cranium -portion of skull that surrounds the brain.
External Bones of Cranium:
Frontal Bones (2)
Interparietal Bones (2)
Occipital Bone (1)
Parietal Bones (2)
Temporal Bones (2)
Internal Bones of Cranium:
Ethmoid Bone (1)
Sphenoid Bone (1)

5. Single bone that forms the caudoventral portion or _________ of skull, most caudal skull bone.
Importance:
Is where spinal cord exits skull
_______________ magnum
Skull bone that articulates with first cervical vertebrae (atlas).
_____________ condyles are articular surfaces on either side of foramen magnum that come together with the atlas to form the atlantooccipital joint
Occipital Bone

6. Interparietal Bones
Bone(s) located on dorsal __________ between occipital and parietal bones
Clearly visible in young animals, may fuse together in older animals.

7. Parietal Bones
Two bones that form the dorsolateral walls of the cranium
Well developed in dogs, cats and humans, but relatively small in horses and cattle.

8. Temporal Bones Two bones located ventral to the parietal bones
Importance:
Form walls of the cranium
Contain middle and inner ear structures
Form the temporomandibular joints with the ___________ (Lower jaw)
Temporal Bones

9. Frontal Bones
Forms ______________ region of skull and a portion of the eye’s orbit.
Located rostral to parietal bone.
Frontal sinus is contained within frontal bone.
____________ are extension of frontal bone.

10. Internal (hidden) Bones of the Cranium
Sphenoid Bone
Forms____________ portion of the cranium and contains the pituitary fossa, which houses the ____________ gland.
Contains the sphenoidal sinus in most animals.

11. INTERNAL (hidden) BONES OF THE CRANIUM
Ethmoid Bone
Located rostral to sphenoid bone.
Contains _____________ plate which has branches of olfactory nerve passing through.
Horses and humans also have ethmoidal sinus in the ethmoid bone.

12. Bones of the Ear (Ossicles)
Hidden in the middle ear from the outside in:
____________-hammer
____________-anvil
____________-stirrup
Function is to transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to cochlea where vibrations are changed into nerve impulses.

13. Bones of the Face External (landmark) Bones of the Face
Incisive (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Mandible (1 or 2)
Maxillary (2)
Nasal (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Internal (hidden) Bones of the Face
Palantine (2)
Pterygoid (2)
Turbinates (4)
Vomer (1)

14. External Bones of the Face
Incisive:
Also called pre__________ bones
Most ___________ skull bones
In common domestic animals, this bone houses upper incisor teeth. (Ruminants have a dental pad instead)
Nasal:
Forms the _________ of the nose.
Length depends on the animal.

15. External Bones of the Face
Maxillary
Form the ________ jaw with incisive bone
House all teeth besides incisors
Forms rostral part of ________ palate
contains maxillary sinus
Lacrimal
Two bones that form medial portion of the ________ of the eye.
Contains lacrimal sac which is part of tear system.

16. External Bones of the Face
Zygomatic
aka malar bones
form portion of orbit
join with temporal bone to form zygomatic ______
Mandible
lower jaw
houses all lower teeth
only __________ skull bone
forms TMJ with temporal bone
2 bones come together at mandibular ________________
fused into one bone in horses and swine
2 parts: ramus and shaft
Ramus = caudal, vertical part
Shaft = contains teeth, horizontal part

17. Internal Bones of the Face
Make up caudal part of _____ palate
Support part of the lateral walls of the ________ (throat).
____________________Bone:
Forms part of nasal septum (midline wall between left and right nasal passages).
_____________________:
Also called nasal conchae.
Thin and scroll-like that fill most of nasal cavity space.