1. Cell Types and Cell Organelles

2. Cell Theory Cell Theory: Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells All living things are composed of cells Cells are the basic units Cells are the basic units of living things. preexisting cells. New cells arise only from preexisting cells. Microscopes revealed the presence of cells and show their detailed structure. Microscopes revealed the presence of cells and show their detailed structure. Animal and Plant cells contain organelles Animal and Plant cells contain organelles Organelles are “little organs”: small bodies that have a specific structure and function Organelles are “little organs”: small bodies that have a specific structure and function

3. Important Scientists for Cells 1665: Robert Hooke: Came up with the name cells while observing cork from a tree 1674: Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Used single- lensed microscope to observe pond water 1838: Matthias Schleiden:Discovered that all plants are made of cells 1839: Theodore Schwann: Discovered all animals are made of cells

4. Prokaryotic Cells vs. Eukaryotic Cell Are Are extremely small Do not have a Do not have a nucleus Have a with or without peptidoglycan Have a cell wall with or without peptidoglycan Lack membrane bound organelles Lack membrane bound organelles are prokaryotic cells Bacteria are prokaryotic cells Are larger cells There is a nucleus present Cellulose cell wall (plants only) or chitin (fungi only) Contain many organelles Have larger ribosomes Everything except bacteria

5. The Nucleus- The Nucleus- The Brain of The Cell Structure Large organelle surrounded by a Large organelle surrounded by a nuclear membrane Contains pores Contains poresFunctions Contains the (chromosomes) and nucleolus Contains the DNA (chromosomes) and nucleolus Controls Controls cell’s activities Nucleolus makes ribosomes Nucleolus makes ribosomes

6. Mitochondria: Mitochondria: The PowerhouseStructure Usually oval, with a double membrane Usually oval, with a double membrane Inner membrane () within outer membrane….inside is called the. Inner membrane (cristae) within outer membrane….inside is called the matrix.Function The site of cellular respiration, where ATP is made in both plants and animals Important Info Found in large numbers in cells requiring lots of energy. Found in large numbers in cells requiring lots of energy. Powerhouse of the cell Powerhouse of the cell

7. Chloroplasts - Chloroplasts - The Bakery Structure Small, flattened structure found in plants. Small, flattened structure found in plants. Surrounded by double membrane; has inner membranes inside (thylakoid membranes) Surrounded by double membrane; has inner membranes inside (thylakoid membranes) Contain Contain chlorophyllFunction Site of Site of photosynthesis (Change light energy into glucose )

8. Endosymbiotic Theory ‘Where did organelles come from?” Chloroplasts and Mitochondria are particularly specialized organelles as they contain their own DNA and have complex membrane structures. Because of these complexity of these cells, scientists have a theory that these organelles are actually descendents of early prokaryotic cells that were engulfed (or taken in) by early eukaryotic cells.

9. Ribosomes- Ribosomes- The Factories Structure Very small organelle Very small organelle Can be or can be attached to the ER Can be free floating or can be attached to the ERFunction Site where are made Site where proteins are made (protein synthesis)

10. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) -The highway of the cell Structure System of (channels and tubular canals) enclosing a fluid filled space System of membranes (channels and tubular canals) enclosing a fluid filled space Surface covered with Surface covered with ribosomes Function which have been made in the ribosomes Transports proteins which have been made in the ribosomes

11. Smooth ER &Rough ER Smooth ER &Rough ER No ribosomes present No ribosomes present Makes and transports lipids. Makes and transports lipids. Detoxify drugs in the liver. Detoxify drugs in the liver. Ribosomes are attached Ribosomes are attached Makes proteins for the cell to export Makes proteins for the cell to export Modifies the content Modifies the content Forms vesicles then carries contents to the Golgi Forms vesicles then carries contents to the Golgi

12. The Golgi Apparatus - The Golgi Apparatus - The UPS Structure Group of smooth endoplasmic reticulum that have flattened sacs Group of smooth endoplasmic reticulum that have flattened sacs are often seen at the edges Vesicles are often seen at the edgesFunctions substances that are produced by cells (mainly proteins and glycoproteins) Modifies, sorts and packages substances that are produced by cells (mainly proteins and glycoproteins) Makes Makes lysosomes

13. Lysosome - Lysosome - The Garbage Storage Bin Structure Round organelle surrounded by a membrane Round organelle surrounded by a membraneFunction Contains that are used to Contains digestive enzymes that are used to Breakdown macromolecules into small molecules the cell can use (recycling) Breakdown macromolecules into small molecules the cell can use (recycling) digest invading cells or to destroy the cell if it needs to be replaced (so it’s also called a Suicide Bag!) digest invading cells or to destroy the cell if it needs to be replaced (so it’s also called a Suicide Bag!)

14. Vacuoles - Vacuoles - Storage Tank Structure Membrane enclosed sacs for storage. Membrane enclosed sacs for storage.Function Stores materials such as Stores materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates Important Info Plant cells contain which provides support in the form of Turgor Pressure Plant cells contain one large central vacuole which provides support in the form of Turgor Pressure

15. Centrioles- Centrioles- the ushers Structure Paired structures located near nucleus Paired structures located near nucleus Only visible when divide Only visible when cell is ready to divideFunction Helps organize cell division Helps organize cell division Important Info Not found in plant cells Not found in plant cells

16. Cell Membrane : Cell Membrane : Gatekeeper of the Cell Also called the plasma membrane Structure Found on the surface of animal cells and just inside cell wall of plants Found on the surface of animal cells and just inside cell wall of plants Made of proteins and lipids Made of proteins and lipidsFunctions Regulates Regulates what goes into and out of the cell Also provides Also provides protection and support Has receptor molecules to respond to chemicals Has receptor molecules to respond to chemicals

17. Cell Wall: Cell Wall: Supporter of Plant CellsStructure A rigid structure that A rigid structure that surrounds plant cells. Made mainly of cellulose (a carbohydrate) Made mainly of cellulose (a carbohydrate)Functions Supports and strengthens plant cells Plant cells have a cell wall in addition to a cell membrane. Plant cells have a cell wall in addition to a cell membrane.

18. The Cytoskeleton- The Backbone Structure Supporting structure and transport system Supporting structure and transport system Network of protein filaments Network of protein filamentsFunction Helps the cell to keep its shape Helps the cell to keep its shape Also helps cell move using things called and Also helps cell move using things called microfilaments and microtubules

19. Plant vs. Animal Cell wall made of Cell wall made of cellulose Have Have one large central vacuole Contain Contain Chloroplasts Have no Have no cell wall Have small Have many small vacuoles No chloroplasts No chloroplasts

20. Nuclear envelope Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached) Mitochondrion Golgi apparatus Vacuole Nucleolus Nucleus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Cell wall Cell membrane Chloroplast 12. Plant Cell (Top) – pg. 175

21. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached) Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum Cell membrane Nucleus Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Centrioles 12. Animal Cell (Bottom) – pg. 175

22. Peptidoglycan Cell Membrane Ribosomes Pili DNA Flagellum Cell Wall (On the back) Bacteria Cell – pg. 472