1. Single-Table Queries 2: Advanced Topics CS 320

2. Review: Retrieving Data From a Single Table Syntax: Limitation: Retrieves "raw" data SELECT field1, field2, … FROM tablename WHERE search_condition(s)

3. We can use the DBMS to further filter and manipulate data Suppress duplicates Sort Format characters, numbers, & dates Perform arithmetic operations Summarize data Why not just do it in your program?

4. Suppressing Duplicate Outputs Use the DISTINCT qualifier  Ensures that only distinct rows are returned SELECT DISTINCT cust_zip FROM candy_customer; SELECT DISTINCT fieldname FROM tablename WHERE search_condition(s);

5. Sorting Query Output Use the ORDER BY clause:  Always appears as the last item in a SELECT query SELECT field1, field2, … FROM tablename WHERE search_condition(s) ORDER BY field_a; SELECT cust_id, cust_phone FROM candy_customer WHERE cust_type = 'P' ORDER BY cust_name;

6. Sort Order Default sort order is ascending  Numbers: smallest to largest  Characters: alphabetical  Dates: oldest to newest To force a descending sort order, add the DESC modifier: SELECT purch_id, purch_date FROM candy_purchase ORDER BY purch_date DESC

7. Multiple Sort Fields You can sort output by multiple fields  Only makes sense when first sort field has repeating values SELECT purch_id, purch_date FROM candy_purchase ORDER BY purch_date DESC, purch_id

8. Modifying Default Data Formats Default formats:  Floating point numbers: shows values exactly as entered 1.1, 2.25  Dates and times: default formats DDDD-MM-DD HH:MI:SS

9. Formatting Retrieved Data Floating point number fields: Use the FORMAT function SELECT purch_id, FORMAT(purch_pounds, 2) FROM candy_purchase; FORMAT(fieldname, decimal_places)

10. Formatting Number Output as Currency Use the CONCAT and FORMAT functions together  CONCAT joins two strings to create a single string SELECT prod_id, CONCAT('$', FORMAT(prod_cost, 2)) FROM candy_product; CONCAT ('$', FORMAT(fieldname, decimal_places))

11. Formatting Date Output Use the DATE_FORMAT function Returns a binary data type, so you have to use the CONVERT function to convert it to a text string SELECT purch_id, CONVERT(DATE_FORMAT(purch_date, '%b %e, %Y') USING latin1) FROM candy_purchase; Predefined format specifiers CONVERT(DATE_FORMAT(fieldname, 'format') USING latin1) blank spaces comma %b – abbreviated month name %e – day of the month, numeric, suppresses leading zeroes %Y – year, numeric, 4 digits

12. Performing Arithmetic Calculations in Queries Applications often perform arithmetic operations on retrieved data  You can perform basic arithmetic operations on numbers and dates in a SQL query SELECT clause Rationale:  DBMS makes it easy to perform the operation  Network needs to transmit only the data you need

13. Performing Arithmetic Operations on Number Data Operators: +, -, *, /  Order of evaluation: *, / +, - To force a different order, use parentheses SELECT prod_desc, prod_price – prod_cost FROM candy_product;

14. Performing Arithmetic Operations on Date Data To retrieve a date that is a specific number of days from a retrieved date, add/subtract the number of days: SELECT purch_id, purch_date, purch_date + 2, purch_date – 2 FROM candy_purchase;

15. Performing Arithmetic Operations on Date Data Another way to calculate the number of days between two known dates is to use DATEDIFF SELECT purch_id, purch_date, purch_delivery_date, DATEDIFF(purch_delivery_date, purch_date) FROM candy_purchase;

16. Retrieving the Current Date Use the CURRENT_DATE() function SELECT CURRENT_DATE();

17. Calculating someone’s age from their date of birth: SELECT (DATEDIFF(CURRENT_DATE(), '1986-11-20')) / 365.25;

18. Formatting Column Names By default:  Column names are database field names  Calculated column names are the formula

19. Column Aliases  Provide an alternate column name  Uses:  You can use them in the ORDER BY clause  You can reference them in server-side programs SELECT purch_id, purch_date, purch_delivery_date, DATEDIFF(purch_delivery_date, purch_date) AS delivery_days FROM candy_purchase ORDER BY delivery_days; SELECT fieldname AS alias …

20. SQL Group Functions Performs an operation on values from a group of retrieved records  AVG (average of all retrieved values)  COUNT (number of records retrieved)  MAX (maximum value retrieved)  MIN (minimum value retrieved)  SUM (sum of all retrieved values)

21. AVG, MAX, MIN, and SUM Examples SELECT MAX(prod_cost), MIN(prod_cost), AVG(prod_cost), SUM(prod_cost) FROM candy_product;

22. COUNT Group Function Displays the number of records that a query will retrieve  Can be used on a column of any data type Forms:  COUNT(*) – displays total number of records, regardless if the record has fields that contain NULL values  COUNT(fieldname) – displays the number of retrieved records in which the specified field is NOT NULL

23. COUNT Function Examples SELECT COUNT(*) FROM candy_customer; SELECT COUNT(cust_phone) FROM candy_customer;

24. Using the GROUP BY Clause Whenever you use a group function:  If any of the columns in the SELECT clause involve a group function, then columns not in group functions must be listed in a GROUP BY clause SELECT purch_status, MAX(purch_pounds) FROM candy_purchase GROUP BY purch_status

25. Using the GROUP BY Clause Another example: SELECT purch_date, MAX(purch_pounds), MIN(purch_pounds), AVG(purch_pounds) FROM candy_purchase GROUP BY purch_date;

26. Using the HAVING Clause Sometimes you want to use the result of a group function in a search condition To do this, use HAVING instead of WHERE: SELECT prod_id, AVG(purch_pounds) FROM candy_purchase GROUP BY prod_id HAVING AVG(purch_pounds) > 5;

27. Using the HAVING Clause NOTE: if you use a group function in the HAVING clause and retrieve a non-group- function value in the SELECT clause, you must group the output by the non-group- function field: SELECT prod_id FROM candy_purchase GROUP BY prod_id HAVING AVG(purch_pounds) > 5

28. Test Yourself: In which order does the following query retrieve the CUST_ID values? a. 5, 2, 4, 3, 1 b. 5, 2, 3, 4, 1 c. 1, 2, 4, 3, 5 d. None of the above SELECT cust_id FROM candy_customer WHERE cust_id <= 5 ORDER BY cust_type DESC, cust_name

29. Test Yourself: In which order does the following query retrieve the CUST_ID values? a. 5, 2, 4, 3, 1 b. 5, 2, 3, 4, 1 c. 1, 2, 4, 3, 5 d. None of the above SELECT cust_id FROM candy_customer WHERE cust_id <= 5 ORDER BY cust_type DESC, cust_name

30. Test Yourself: What does the following query retrieve? a. 3.5 b. 2.5 c. -2.4 d. None of the above SELECT (purch_id + cust_id)/prod_id – purch_pounds FROM candy_purchase WHERE purch_id = 1

31. Test Yourself: What does the following query retrieve? a. 3.5 b. 2.5 c. -2.4 d. None of the above SELECT (purch_id + cust_id)/prod_id – purch_pounds FROM candy_purchase WHERE purch_id = 1

32. Test Yourself: What does the following query retrieve? SELECT count(*) FROM candy_purchase; a. 9 b. 14 c. 8 d. None of the above

33. Test Yourself: What does the following query retrieve? SELECT count(*) FROM candy_purchase; a. 9 b. 14 c. 8 d. None of the above

34. Test Yourself: How many records will the following query retrieve? a. 4 b. 9 c. 14 d. None of the above SELECT purch_delivery_date, SUM(purch_pounds) FROM candy_purchase GROUP BY purch_delivery_date;

35. Test Yourself: How many records will the following query retrieve? a. 4 b. 9 c. 14 d. None of the above SELECT purch_delivery_date, SUM(purch_pounds) FROM candy_purchase GROUP BY purch_delivery_date;

36. Test Yourself: What does the following query retrieve? SELECT count(purch_delivery_date) FROM candy_purchase; a. 1 b. 10 c. 9 d. None of the above

37. Test Yourself: What does the following query retrieve? SELECT count(purch_delivery_date) FROM candy_purchase; a. 1 b. 10 c. 9 d. None of the above

38. Your Turn: Create a new MySQL script file, then create the following queries: 1. Retrieve the purchase ID, purchase date, delivery date, and pounds of all purchases that have been delivered (delivery date is not NULL). Sort the output first by delivery date (ascending) and then by pounds (descending). 2. Retrieve the CUST_ID of every customer who has made a purchase. Do not display duplicate ID values. 3. Retrieve the purchase ID and the number of days between the purchase date and current system date for every purchase. 4. Retrieve the purchase ID, purchase date, and delivery date for every order. Display the dates in numeric ‘MM.DD.YYYY’ format (for example 10.06.2007). Create descriptive column aliases of your choice for the outputs. 5. Retrieve the purchase ID, status, and sum of the total pounds of each purchase. Sort the output by the status values.