1. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Trigonometric Functions: Right Triangle Approach

2. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 6.3 Trigonometric Functions of Angles

3. 3 Objectives ► Trigonometric Functions of Angles ► Evaluating Trigonometric Functions at Any Angle ► Trigonometric Identities ► Areas of Triangles

4. 4 Trigonometric Functions of Angles

5. 5 Reference Angle Figure 6 shows that to find a reference angle it’s useful to know the quadrant in which the terminal side of the angle  lies. Figure 5 The reference angle for an angle 

6. 6 Example 1 – Finding Reference Angles Find the reference angle for (a) and (b)  = 870°. Solution: (a) The reference angle is the acute angle formed by the terminal side of the angle 5  /3 and the x-axis (see Figure 7). Figure 7

7. 7 Example 1 – Solution Since the terminal side of this angle is in Quadrant IV, the reference angle is (b) The angles 870° and 150° are coterminal [because 870 – 2(360) = 150].

8. 8 Example 1 – Solution Thus, the terminal side of this angle is in Quadrant II (see Figure 8). So the reference angle is = 180° – 150° = 30° Figure 8 cont’d

9. 9 Definitions of the Trigonometric Functions in Terms of a Unit Circle

10. 10 Example 2 – Finding Trigonometric Functions of Angles Find (a) cos 135  and (b) tan 390 . Solution: (a) From Figure 4 we see that cos 135  = x. we have, cos 135  = Figure 4

11. 11 Example 2 – Solution (b) The angles 390° and 30° are coterminal. From Figure 5 it’s clear that tan 390° = tan 30° and, since tan 30° = we have, tan 390° = Figure 5 cont’d

12. 12 Example 3 – Using the Reference Angle to Evaluate Trigonometric Functions Find (a) and (b) Solution: (a) The angle 16  /3 is coterminal with 4  /3, and these angles are in Quadrant III (see Figure 11). Figure 11 is negative

13. 13 Example 3 – Solution Thus, the reference angle is (4  /3) –  =  /3. Since the value of sine is negative in Quadrant III, we have

14. 14 Example 3 – Solution (b) The angle –  /4 is in Quadrant IV, and its reference angle is  /4 (see Figure 12). Figure 12 is positive cont’d

15. 15 Example 3 – Solution Since secant is positive in this quadrant, we get cont’d

16. 16 Evaluating Trigonometric Functions at Any Angles

17. 17 Trigonometric Functions of Angles Let POQ be a right triangle with acute angle  as shown in Figure 1(a). Place  in standard position as shown in Figure 1(b). Figure 1 (b)(a)

18. 18 Trigonometric Functions of Angles Then P = P (x, y) is a point on the terminal side of . In triangle POQ, the opposite side has length y and the adjacent side has length x. Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we see that the hypotenuse has length r = So The other trigonometric ratios can be found in the same way. These observations allow us to extend the trigonometric ratios to any angle.

19. 19 Trigonometric Functions of Angles We define the trigonometric functions of angles as follows (see Figure 2). Figure 2

20. 20 Example: Evaluating Trigonometric Functions Let P = (1, –3) be a point on the terminal side of Find each of the six trigonometric functions of P = (1, –3) is a point on the terminal side of x = 1 and y = –3

21. 21 Example: Evaluating Trigonometric Functions (continued) Let P = (1, –3) be a point on the terminal side of Find each of the six trigonometric functions of We have found that

22. 22 Example: Evaluating Trigonometric Functions (continued) Let P = (1, –3) be a point on the terminal side of Find each of the six trigonometric functions of

23. 23 Trigonometric Functions of Angles The angles for which the trigonometric functions may be undefined are the angles for which either the x- or y-coordinate of a point on the terminal side of the angle is 0. These are quadrantal angles—angles that are coterminal with the coordinate axes.

24. 24 Example: Trigonometric Functions of Quadrantal Angles Evaluate, if possible, the cosine function and the cosecant function at the following quadrantal angle: If then the terminal side of the angle is on the positive x-axis. Let us select the point P = (1, 0) with x = 1 and y = 0. is undefined.

25. 25 Example: Trigonometric Functions of Quadrantal Angles Evaluate, if possible, the cosine function and the cosecant function at the following quadrantal angle: If then the terminal side of the angle is on the positive y-axis. Let us select the point P = (0, 1) with x = 0 and y = 1.

26. 26 Example: Trigonometric Functions of Quadrantal Angles Evaluate, if possible, the cosine function and the cosecant function at the following quadrantal angle: If then the terminal side of the angle is on the positive x-axis. Let us select the point P = (–1, 0) with x = –1 and y = 0. is undefined.

27. 27 Example: Trigonometric Functions of Quadrantal Angles Evaluate, if possible, the cosine function and the cosecant function at the following quadrantal angle: If then the terminal side of the angle is on the negative y-axis. Let us select the point P = (0, –1) with x = 0 and y = –1.

28. 28 Evaluating Trigonometric Functions at Any Angle From the definition we see that the values of the trigonometric functions are all positive if the angle  has its terminal side in Quadrant I. This is because x and y are positive in this quadrant. [Of course, r is always positive, since it is simply the distance from the origin to the point P (x, y).] If the terminal side of  is in Quadrant II, however, then x is negative and y is positive. Thus, in Quadrant II the functions sin  and csc  are positive, and all the other trigonometric functions have negative values.

29. 29 Evaluating Trigonometric Functions at Any Angle The following mnemonic device can be used to remember which trigonometric functions are positive in each quadrant: All of them, Sine, Tangent, or Cosine. You can remember this as “All Students Take Calculus” or “A Smart Trig Class.”

30. 30 Evaluating Trigonometric Functions at Any Angle You can check the other entries in the following table.

31. 31 Evaluating Trigonometric Functions at Any Angle

32. 32 Example: Evaluating Trigonometric Functions Given find Because both the tangent and the cosine are negative, lies in Quadrant II.

33. 33 Use x, y, and r.

34. 34 Trigonometric Identities

35. 35 Trigonometric Identities The trigonometric functions of angles are related to each other through several important equations called trigonometric identities. We’ve already encountered the reciprocal identities. These identities continue to hold for any angle , provided that both sides of the equation are defined.

36. 36 Fundamental Identities

37. 37 Example: Using Quotient and Reciprocal Identities Given and find the value of each of the four remaining trigonometric functions.

38. 38 Example: Using Quotient and Reciprocal Identities (continued) Given and find the value of each of the four remaining trigonometric functions.

39. 39 The Pythagorean Identities

40. 40 Example: Using a Pythagorean Identity Given that and find the value of using a trigonometric identity.

41. 41 Use trigonometric identities

42. 42 Trigonometric Identities The Pythagorean identities are a consequence of the Pythagorean Theorem.

43. 43 Example 5 – Expressing One Trigonometric Function in Terms of Another (a) Express sin  in terms of cos . (b) Express tan  in terms of sin , where  is in Quadrant II. Solution: (a) From the first Pythagorean identity we get sin  = where the sign depends on the quadrant.

44. 44 Example 5 – Solution If  is in Quadrant I or II, then sin  is positive, so sin  = whereas if  is in Quadrant III or IV, sin  is negative, so sin  = cont’d

45. 45 Example 5 – Solution (b) Since tan  = sin  /cos , we need to write cos  in terms of sin . By part (a) cos  = and since cos  is negative in Quadrant II, the negative sign applies here. Thus tan  = cont’d

46. 46 Use trigonometric identities

47. 47 The Domain and Range of the Sine and Cosine Functions y = cos x y = sin x D: R: [-1, 1] D: R: [-1, 1]

48. 48 The Domain and Range of Tangent Function y = tan x D: all reals except odd multiples of R:

49. 49 Even and Odd Trigonometric Functions Even functions show y-axis symmetry. Odd functions show origin symmetry.

50. 50 Example: Using Even and Odd Functions to Find Values of Trigonometric Functions Find the value of each trigonometric function:

51. 51 Cofunction Identities

52. 52 Using Cofunction Identities Find a cofunction with the same value as the given expression: a. b.

53. 53 Trigonometric Identities The Pythagorean identities are a consequence of the Pythagorean Theorem.

54. 54 Example 5 – Expressing One Trigonometric Function in Terms of Another (a) Express sin  in terms of cos . (b) Express tan  in terms of sin , where  is in Quadrant II. Solution: (a) From the first Pythagorean identity we get sin  = where the sign depends on the quadrant.

55. 55 Example 5 – Solution If  is in Quadrant I or II, then sin  is positive, and so sin  = whereas if  is in Quadrant III or IV, sin  is negative, and so sin  = cont’d

56. 56 Example 5 – Solution (b) Since tan  = sin  /cos , we need to write cos  in terms of sin . By part (a) cos  = and since cos  is negative in Quadrant II, the negative sign applies here. Thus tan  = cont’d

57. 57 Areas of Triangles

58. 58 Areas of Triangles The area of a triangle is  base  height. If we know two sides and the included angle of a triangle, then we can find the height using the trigonometric functions, and from this we can find the area. If  is an acute angle, then the height of the triangle in Figure 16(a) is given by h = b sin . Thus the area is  base  height = sin  Figure 16 (a)

59. 59 Areas of Triangles If the angle  is not acute, then from Figure 16(b) we see that the height of the triangle is h = b sin(180° –  ) = b sin  Figure 16 (b)

60. 60 Areas of Triangles This is so because the reference angle of  is the angle 180  – . Thus, in this case also, the area of the triangle is  base  height = sin 

61. 61 Example 8 – Finding the Area of a Triangle Find the area of triangle ABC shown in Figure 17. Solution: The triangle has sides of length 10 cm and 3 cm, with included angle 120 . Figure 17

62. 62 Example 8 – Solution Therefore sin  (3) sin 120  = 15 sin 60   13 cm 2 Reference angle

63. 63 Trigonometric Functions of Angles It is a crucial fact that the values of the trigonometric functions do not depend on the choice of the point P(x, y). This is because if P (x, y ) is any other point on the terminal side, as in Figure 3, then triangles POQ and P OQ are similar. Figure 3

64. 64 Evaluating Trigonometric Functions at Any Angle

65. 65 Evaluating Trigonometric Functions at Any Angle Figure 6 shows that to find a reference angle it’s useful to know the quadrant in which the terminal side of the angle  lies. Figure 5 The reference angle for an angle 