1. Mind Stretcher 12-8-15 1. Fermentation in muscle cells produces a. glucose.c. water. b. lactic acid. d. bacteria. 2. Cellular respiration is the process by which a. plant cells create glucose. b. cells grow and reproduce. c. cells use oxygen to produce energy from food. d. cells breakdown food without using oxygen. 3. (T/F) Cellular respiration describes how a cell breathes.

2. How do little elephants grow up to be BIG elephants?

3. Why do animals shed their skin?

4. The process of asexual reproduction begins after a sperm fertilizes an egg.

5. Three reasons why cells reproduce by asexual reproduction: 1. Growth 2. Repair 3. Replacement Skin cancer - the abnormal growth of skin cells - most often develops on skin exposed to the sun. Cell that reproduce by asexual reproduction reproduce constantly.

6. An Intro to Mitosis… A little help from Edward...

8. What is Mitosis???? Process by which a Eukaryotic Cell divides (makes new BODY cells) – separates the chromosomes in the nucleus into two separate cells. Creates 2 identical daughter cells

9. Before “Mitosis” Begins……Interphase I is for “Initial Cell!” – In this stage chromosomes appear to be a big jumble! – Chromatin appears in the middle of the nuclear envelope Chromosomes are copied – This stage is technically NOT mitosis…we are just getting ready!

10. The Phases...........Prophase P is for “Pair Up” Chromatin condenses to be viewed as rod like pairs (chromosomes) Chromosome pairs are formed and easily seen during this phase. The centrioles (poles) move to opposite sides of cell. Centriole Centriole

11. The Phases……..Metaphase M is for Meet in Middle Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell creep Spindles from the centromere creep out and attach to the chromosomes. Nuclear envelope dissolves

12. The Phases………Anaphase A is for “Apart” Spindle Fibers pull chromosomes apart to opposite sides Each chromosome is now two separate chromatids (copy drawing from board)

13. The Phases…………Telophase T is for “Two new nuclei” A new nuclear membrane forms Entire cell begins pulling apart AFTER TELOPHASE: Cytokinesis-Cell pinches into TWO separate cells.

14. Can you find examples of each phase?

15. MITOSIS-The Bottom Line: At the Beginning:At the End: # of Cells1 BODY cell2 BODY cells # of Chromosomes46 (or 23 pairs) *Remember: Mi “TOES” sis Your TOES are part of your body! (body cells)

16. Cell Division Song

17. Animal Mitosis -- Review Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Interphase

18. Plant Mitosis -- Review Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Interphase

19. REMEMBER! I Interphase P Prophase M Metaphase A Anaphase T Telophase C Cytokinesis IPMATC I Pray M ore At T he Church

20. 20 Cell Cycle

21. 21 - Cell Division The Cell Cycle 21

22. Mitosis Animation http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

23. Cancer Cells that divide too quickly, to the point where their growth becomes out of control, are called cancer. Abnormal rapid cell growth can result in damage or mutation to the genes needed for a mature cell to function. There are many reasons that cells can divide and grow out of control, including genetic causes, nutritional deficiencies, some infections, or exposure to environmental causes, such as carcinogens or ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Cancer can begin with a single cell that starts to multiply too rapidly, with the cells then unable to receive the proper instructions to make proteins in order to grow, multiply, and, in general, survive.

24. How long do cells live? There are approximately 200 types of cells in the average human body alone, and the average life span varies from a few hours or days for certain blood cells to weeks and months for skin cells and years and even a lifetime for nerve and some brain cells. There is equal variance in plants and other animals.brain

25. How long do cells live? Most blood cells have a life span of a few weeks, but neutrophils, a special type of white blood cell, generally live for only a few hours. Taste receptor cells similarly live for about 10 days, and cells lining the gut often last only five.neutrophilswhite blood cell Weeks and Months Many cells live somewhere between a few weeks and a few months. Human skin cells -almost constantly regenerating, and will typically die off and be replaced by something new within about a month. The skin is the body’s first line of defense. Cells in organs work on an almost constant basis, too, and these also typically fall within the “weeks and months” range. Liver cells, for instance, usually live for anywhere from eight to 16 months, and most red blood cells can go for about four months. Cells in the immune system, like T cells, sometimes last only a few days if idle, but if they’re busy fighting infection they often live for several months at a time.immune systemT cells

26. Cell Life Span cont. Muscle cells come in many different types, but most have an average life span of about 25 years. Some cells may also have a life span equal to the person or animal’s life span, which is to say that they may never die out or regenerate on their own. Nerve cells, also referred to as neurons, are one example. They specialize in conducting electrical impulses, and though there are quite a few types of neurons, for the most part, none self-replicate. They’re in the body for a lifetime. Brain cells- Some of these are with a person at birth and others grow during childhood, but many won't die until the person or animal does.