1. Anatomy and Physiology Articulations Locations- Functions-

2. Classification of Joints by Structure 1.Bony 2.Fiberous 3.Cartilagenous 4.Synovial

3. Synovial Joint Structure Capsule- 2 layers 1. fibrous outer layer- continuous w/ periosteum 2. synovial inner layer- produces synovial fluid synovial fluid- lubricates articular cartilage Accessory Structures -Meniscus- pads of fibrocartilage which help hold joint in place -Bursae- synovial fluid filled sac, cushions joint

5. Classification of Joints by Movement 1.synarthrosis-- immovable 2.amphiarthrosis- -slightly movable 3.diarthrosis- - freely movable

6. Examples of 1. Synarthrotic Joints; A. Sutures B. Gomphoses C. Synchondrosis D. Synostoses

7. Examples of 2.Amphiarthroses A. syndesmoses B. symphyses

8. Examples of 3. Diarthroses 1. gliding- have flat or slightly curved surfaces ex- 2. hinge- permit angular motion in single plane ex- 3. pivot- permit only rotation in single plane ex- 4. ellipsoidal (condylar)- oval surface nestled in depression ex-

10. Examples of 3. Diarthroses 5.saddle- has concave and convex surface, produces biaxial movement but prevents rotation ex- 6. ball and socket- triaxial joints

11. Motions flexion / extension adduction / abduction pronation / supination elevation / depression

12. Motions (cont) circumduction rotation opposition

13. Motions (cont) inversion / eversion protraction / retraction dorsiflexion / plantar flexion circumduction rotation

14. Joint/Bone/Muscle Interaction p. 313-314 joint = fulcrum bone = lever muscle = effort (applied force) weight moved = resistance

15. First Class Lever looks like a see saw joint is located between the effort and the resistance example is extending the neck

16. Second Class Lever looks like a wheel barrow weight is located between the muscle and the joint example is plantar flexion

17. Third Class Lever looks like a crane muscle is located between the muscle and the joint example is flexing the elbow most common joints in body

18. Joint Disorders dislocations sprains inflammations

19. Arthritis Infectious osteoarthritis rheumatoid gout

20. Infectious Arthritis caused by a pathogen edema synovial fluid cloudy scarred articular cartilage treated with antibiotics

21. Osteoarthritis most common inflammation degenerative art. Cart. Deteriorates bone spurs form and break off into capsule treated with rest, heat, drugs, surgery

22. Rheumatoid Arthritis autoimmune disease synovial membrane inflammed pannus forms blood vessels rupture and clot calcifies can involve other tissues (lupus) treatment is rest, exercise, diet, drugs

23. Gout disorder caused by fault in uric acid metabolism acute and chronic pain in a joint uric acid crystals accumulate inside joint