1. CHALLENGES TO SLAVERY 12.4 (p.548)

14. KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT Split Democratic Party along Sectional Lines 1854-Antislavery Whigs & Democrats joined with Free-Soil to form Republican Party Main message: Ban Slavery in new territories

15. 1856—Presidential Election Republicans-John C. Fremont: (Free Soil, Free Speech and Fremont) Democrats-James Buchanan: (Popular Sovereignty) Know-Nothings-Millard Fillmore: (anti-immigration)

18. Dred Scott Scott was a slave who sued for his freedom based upon his extended residence, with his master, in the free states of Illinois and Wisconsin. Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney

19. Who was involved in this case? Dred Scott--Plaintiff Sanford--Defendant Chief Justice Roger B. Taney What THREE issues did the court rule on? whether Dred Scott qualified as a citizen whether Scott gained his freedom by living in a free territory whether or not the Missouri Compromise was constitutional

20. What was the decision of the court on these issues? Scott was not a citizen and could not sue in federal court Scott ‘s status did not change when he entered a free territory The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional, Congress cannot forbid a state or territory from making slavery legal Why did Justice Curtis dissent? free African Americans voted to ratify the Constitution & nothing stripped them of their citizenship

21. Dred Scott Supreme Court Decision “They [African Americans] are not included, and were not intended to be included, under the word ‘citizens' in the Constitution, and can therefore claim none of the rights and privileges which that instrument provides for and secures to citizens of the United States.” “…the act of Congress which prohibited a citizen from holding and owning property [slaves] …north of the line therein mentioned is not warranted by the Constitution and is therefore void…” Chief Justice Roger Taney, Majority Opinion

22. Dred Scott Public Reaction “It is no newness to find the Supreme Court following the lead of the Slavery Extension party, to which most of its members belong. Five of the Judges are slaveholders, and two of the other four owe their appointments to their simplistic cleverness in making State laws bend to Federal demands in behalf of "the Southern institution.“ - Editorial in the Albany, New York, Evening Journal, 1857

23. John Brown’s Raid Harper’s Ferry, VA, October 1859

24. John Brown’s Raid

25. Two views What’s your opinion? Martyr Terrorist

26. “I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood.”

27. THE COUNTRY IN 1860

29. What was John Brown ’ s plan to defeat slavery? Brown intended to assist and guide slaves in their escape from the South. These people would escort the escaped slaves northward and would be so safe and so reliable that it would entice thousands of slaves to participate. Brown thought this mass slave migration would dramatically devalue slave property, ultimately bankrupt the slave aristocracy and drive slavery into extinction What did he need that Harper ’ s Ferry had? Brown needed firearms. The arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Va., (now West Virginia) stored 100,000 rifles and muskets. Who warned John Brown about this plan? Frederick Douglass How did John Brown ’ s plan unravel? T he railroad bridge night watchman escaped his captors and halted an approaching B&O passenger train short of the station. A free African American named Heyward Shepherd became curious about the train’s strange stopping point. Brown’s men shot and fatally wounded Shepherd. The echoing gunshots awakened Dr. John Starry, who came to investigate. Brown’s men snared Starry, brought him to the dying Shepherd, and then permitted him to depart. Dr. Starry loudly announced abolitionists had seized the Ferry and this brought the militia to the Ferry. How was Robert E. Lee involved in this incident? Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee had 87 U.S. Marines dispatched from the Washington Navy Yard under his command. They arrived by train and planned an assault on John Brown and his men. What did John Brown go on trial for and what was his punishment? John Brown was charged with murder, treason and inciting slave rebellion. He was found guilty and sentenced to hang. What were his last words? “I, John Brown, am not quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away, but with blood.” How was John remembered in the North and in the South? Northerners celebrated Brown as a hero; Southerners declared him the devil

30. Source: University of Virginia, Historical Census Browser, http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/index.html Total Slave Holders in 1860 Farms Larger than 1000 Acres in 1860

31. Capital Invested in Manufacturing (In Dollars) in 1860 Source: University of Virginia, Historical Census Browser, http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/index.html Males Employed in Manufacturing in 1860

32. Capital Invested in Manufacturing (In Dollars) in 1860 Source: University of Virginia, Historical Census Browser, http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/index.html Males Employed in Manufacturing in 1860 Total Slave Holders in 1860Farms Larger than 1000 Acres in 1860