1. The Classical Model of Rhetoric (oratory, later written)

2. Five Canons of Rhetoric - Aristotle Inventio – system or method of finding arguments Dispositio – arrangement or organization of the parts of the speech Elocutio – style Memoria – memorizing speeches Pronuntiatio – delivery of the speech

3. Dispositio The second of the five canons of rhetoric = disposition, arrangement, organization

4. Only two essential parts of a speech, according to Aristotle: 1.The statement of the case 2.The proof He conceded that an introduction and conclusion made sense in practice.

5. However, Latin rhetoricians recognized six parts to a speech: 1.Exordium (the introduction) 2.Narratio (the statement of the case) 3.Divisio (outline of the points of the argument) 4.Confirmatio (the proof of the case) 5.Confutatio (refutation of the opposing arguments) 6.Peroratio (the conclusion)

6. Exordium (beginning a web)

7. Exordium – the introduction Often where the writer/speaker establishes ethos (credibility)

8. Ethos

9. Narratio Provides factual information and background Establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing

10. The Narration In classical rhetoric, this is where the speaker appealed to logos. Today, it’s where appeals to pathos often occur.

11. Confirmatio The Confirmation - major part of text – the development of the proof needed to make the writer’s case. Appeal to logos

12. Refutatio The Refutation – counterargument – bridge between writer’s proof and conclusion. Appeal to logos

13. Peroratio The Conclusion – usually appeals to pathos Reminds the reader of the ethos established earlier Answers the question, so what? Last words/ideas are the ones audience is most likely to remember.

14. The conclusion (peroratio)