1. How are Computers Connected? Chapter 8

2. How do you connect computers? Run wires between two computers Power Cord Plug into a power outlet Two wires needed to complete circuit Wires are securely covered in plastic insulation Ground wire – provides safety (third wire)

3. Wires Power Cord Untwisted Pair Wires lie next to each other More interference Twisted Pair Used for telephone systems and network cabling Coaxial Cable Used for cable television wiring/video connections

4. Connectors FCC maintains registry of jacks (RJ) RJ-11 Telephones and computers 4 or 6 wire Usually only 2 wires used (red and green) – extra for future services Labor is expensive

5. Connectors Point-to-point communications Wires form direct connection from one computer to another RJ-11 Serial communication Byte - 8 signals sent one after the other Slow

6. RJ-45 Parallel communication Twisted pairs 8 wires send 4 signals at the same time Interference is low RJ-45 Wider than RJ-11 Category 5 (Cat 5)

7. Standards for Cat 5 10BaseT Slowest (1990) - only 4 wires used One pair for sending; one pair for receiving 10,000 bits of info per second Base – baseband signaling T – twisted pair

8. Standards for Cat 5 100BaseT 1995 Uses 2 of 4 pairs 100,000 bits of info per second 1000BaseT 1999 802.3ab Uses all 4 pairs 1 million bits of info per second

9. New Standard 10GBaseT 802.3ae 2002 10 million bits of info per second Uses enhanced RJ-45 cable

10. Network Connections Star Network Each computer connected to central machine Telephone systems – small setup Central machine is switch Passes information Telephone switching networks Switch to switch

11. Network Connections Ethernet Networks Single wire (or bus) runs to all machines Any computer can send info to another computer Header – intended recipient All computers receive all communications, however only intended computer saves material

12. Ethernet Networks Rules or Protocols One computer does not interfere with communications by another Each computer ‘listens’ to the network as it transmits it message If the message received is different, another computer sent message at same time Wait random amount of time and resend Maximum length for any message

13. Token-Ring Network Organizes computer logically into a circle or ring Each computer – 2 connections Communication is in single direction around circle Messages have sender and addressee designator (in header) Confirmation of receipt Token – Authority to send message (one computer at a time) Messages can be somewhat longer

14. Expansion of networks Variations in degree to which networks are used To keep demand low on networks, many organizations maintain separate small networks and connect those networks Ethernet networks Cabling limited to 100 meters (328 feet) Hubs - A common connection point Repeaters – amplify electrical signals

15. Network Expansion Segment A section of a network that is bound by bridges, routers or switches Bridge Keeps track of machines on one or both sides of a segment Forwards messages when info must go from sender on one side to receiver on the other

16. Wireless Technology Wireless communications Infrared signals or radio waves Devices on a wireless network form a logical Ethernet network Messages are divided into packets Packet contains a header IDs which machine is to receive the data All wireless computers in an area share the airwaves, receive the same messages and determine if they are the recipient

17. Wireless Technology Access Point Computer directly to the Internet (acts as intermediary) Example: on a 2.4 GHz radio frequency band Beacon Repeating of identifying information by access point Association – Portable wishes to make connection Portable computers use radio waves or infrared signals to communicate with access point As portable computers move, interact with new access point If no computers have direct access to the Internet, portable computers still can interact with each other, but not with the Internet

18. Types of Wireless Network Attacks - 1 Insertion attacks: When a wireless device connects to an access point without authorization Interception /monitoring of wireless traffic: The network traffic across a WLAN is intercepted and monitored without authorization. Mis-configuration: Many access points ship in an unsecured configuration

19. Types of Wireless Network Attacks - 2 Client-to-client attacks: Two wireless clients can communicate with each other directly. One may attack another. Jamming: DoS (Denial of Service) legitimate traffic overwhelms the frequencies, making the network not usable.

20. WLAN Security SSID Service Set Identifier or Network Name Name of a wireless local area network All wireless devices on a WLAN must employ the same SSID NOT broadcast SSID in access points MAC Filtering MAC: hardware/physical address of wireless network card Only allow specified MAC addresses for connections

21. WLAN Security WEP: Wired Equivalent Privacy WPA: Wi-Fi Protected Access WPA2: Best protection for home WLAN.

22. WEP: Wired Equivalent Privacy Purpose: Protect wireless network from eavesdropping. Prevent unauthorized access to the network How Does It Work A secret key between laptop and access point The secret key to encrypt packets Length of Key 64-bit encryption 128-bit encryption

23. WPA: Wi-Fi Protected Access Two types of WPA WPA-PSK (WPA Personal) - Home &Small Offices WPA-RADIUS (WPA Enterprise) – Large Organizations WPA-PSK: Pre-Shared Key Extra-strong encryption Encryption keys are automatically changed after a specified period of time after a specified number of packets Implements a subset of IEEE 802.11i.

24. WPA2: Wi-Fi Protected Access WPA2: Best protection for home WLAN. Fully compatible with IEEE 802.11i security standard. Stronger encryption protocol Not all wireless cards and access points support WPA2 certification is mandatory for all new devices wishing to be Wi-Fi certified.