3. Yellow Journalism When objectivity took a seat.

4. Yellow Journalism Biased opinion masquerading as objective fact. Sensationalism Distorted stories Misleading images for the sole purpose of boosting sales and exciting public opinion 2

5. Yellow Journalism Industrial Revolution began at this time Machines made it easy to print thousands of papers in a single night Endless drive for circulation Often the publisher’s greed was placed before ethics 2

6. The Age of Pulitzer and Hearst Time period of Yellow Journalism was said to be from 1880-1890 2, although it lasted clear into the 1930s. The term was first coined based on a series of occurrences in and following the year 1895 2

7. Joseph Pulitzer Came to the US from Budapest in 1864 at the age of 17 Joined the Union Army and fought in the Civil War 1

8. Joseph Pulitzer 1878- he bought the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and combined it with the Westliche Post, a paper that he part-owned 1 He used the Dispatch to launch crusades against government corruption, lotteries, gambling and tax fraud 7

9. Joseph Pulitzer 1883- he buys the New York World for $346,000 The paper had been losing $40,000 a year 7 His opening statement: “There is room in this great and growing city for a journal that is not only cheap but bright, not only bright but large, not only large but truly democratic -- dedicated to the cause of the people rather than that of the purse potentates -- devoted more to the news of the New than the Old World -- that will expose all fraud and sham, fight all public evils and abuses -- that will battle for the people with earnest sincerity 1

11. Joseph Pulitzer A year later, sales boomed to 100,000 In celebration, he had 100 guns fired off in the City Hall park and gave each employee a tall silk hat 1

12. Joseph Pulitzer The World was known for its editorial page -- income tax, shorter working hours and restrictions on monopolies It became the country’s leading champion of liberals 1 Overtones of sensationalism -- Subjectivity -- woven around a substantial core of real news 1

13. Nellie Bly Her actual name was Elizabeth Cochrane, but changed it because women found it hard to be taken seriously in the journalism world, and so did not get high-paying jobs Joined the New York World in 1887

14. Nellie Bly Wrote investigative articles over poverty, housing and labor conditions in New York Feigned being insane and sent to Blackwell’s Island, the New York insane asylum Wrote a book titled Ten Days in a Mad House (1888) http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAWbly.htm

15. Nellie Bly After reading the Jules Verne novel Around the World in 80 Days, Pulitzer thought it would be a good day to see if the book was right. Sent Bly to break the 80 day record and held a contest with readers of the New York World to guess when she would return

16. Nellie Bly Over 1,000,000 people entered the contest She arrived to a large crowd with a time of 72 Days, 6 hours, 11 minutes and 14 seconds

17. William Randolph Hearst Attended Harvard Business manager of a humor magazine, the Lampoon. He gave parties causing difficulties with school authorities He finally left Harvard by request 1

18. William Randolph Hearst Father accepts the San Francisco Examiner as payment for a gambling debt and gives it to William in 1887 6 Hearst brings writers such as Ambrose Bierce, Stephen Crane, Mark Twain, Richard Harding Davis and Jack London with him They bring crusades, scoops, and sensational stories to San Francisco 1

19. Pulitzer vs. Hearst Hearst came to New York and bought the New York Journal in 1895 for 7.5 million from Pulitzer’s brother 1 Pulitzer didn’t even know it had been for sale

21. Pulitzer vs. Hearst Hearst wanted to have a bigger circulation than the World, which was 400,000 at the time He bought Pulitzer’s writers away for high salaries, as well as his cartoonist Robert Outcault, artist of the famous “The Yellow Kid” Within 12 months the Journal had overtaken the World 1

22. Pulitzer vs. Hearst To be fair, Pulitzer had originally stolen many of his staff members from other papers when he came to New York 5 Pulitzer hired more writers as well as another cartoonist, George B. Luks, to continue “The Yellow Kid” is his newspaper So both the Journal and the World carried the same strip, with different cartoonists

23. The Yellow Kid The term Yellow Journalism is derived from this cartoon The strip used a special, non-smear yellow ink The kid’s jacket was always yellow

24. The Yellow Kid 1st merchandising phenomenon of the comics Key chains, collector cards, appeared on stage, and even had a magazine named after him for a short time Often used to sensationalize stories and discredit the stories of other papers Also used to sway public opinion on important issues such as the Spanish- American War 4

25. The Spanish-American War This war is brought to you in part by...

26. Spanish-American War Evangelina Cisneros- niece of the president of the insurrectionist Cuban government She is imprisoned in Havana Hearst begins crusade to get her freed Evangelina is then rescued from prison by Karl Decker, according to the Journal Decker was a reporter sent to Havana for that purpose, according to the Journal 1

27. Spanish-American War News was slow Hearst illustrator Frederic Remington in Havana requested to come home, stating that nothing was happening Hearst supposedly sent a telegraph stating: “Please remain. You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.” 6

30. USS Maine Battleship explodes and sinks off the coast of Havana Many papers counseled patience and peace The Journal and the World concurrently published a “suppressed cable” that said the explosion was no accident, which was later discovered to be manufactured 5

31. Spanish-American War Hearst demonstrated his love for glory over objectivity by leading a force of writers, photographers and artists to the scene of action in Cuban waters with a small fleet of steamships His reporters were stationed with every important military unit 1

32. Spanish-American War Journal circulation reached 1.5 million during the war, and the World was right behind them 1

34. Journal vs. World Hearst tricked Pulitzer when he ran a story in 1898 describing the death of Colonel Reflipe W. Thenuz 5

35. Journal vs. World The next day the World carried the story, adding specific dateline information to make the story more authentic. 5

36. Journal vs. World Colonel Reflipe W. Thenuz “We pilfer (steal) the news.” 5

37. Journal vs. World The Journal celebrated for a month as the World maintained a “pained silence” on the blunder 5

38. Regrets Pulitzer regretted the actions he had taken When gold began to lead to an outbreak in hostilities between Venezuela and British Guiana, Pulitzer jumped in Pulitzer had his writers write balanced accounts of the story, against the popular opinion and President Cleveland’s denouncing British policy 5

39. Regrets In one editorial: “Is the integrity of Venezuela’s ‘essential to the integrity of our free institutions?’... There is no menace to the boundary line. It is not our frontier. It is none of our business.” The words had come directly from the president 5 Feelings toward this calmed, and later resolved by the British

40. Due to inaccurate reporting and the distortion of the truth to appeal to emotions, it is unsure what the true history of this time period could have been 1

41. The general public frowned upon subjective practices after a while. By 1910, circulation had dropped off very rapidly for such papers Newsmen and women at competing papers were amused when Hearst issued a bulletin in 1933 that established editorial guidelines for his newsrooms across the country 6

42. Pulitzer-After Died in 1911 Donated in will $2 million for a journalism school at Columbia University Left funds to establish annual prizes for literature, drama, music, and journalism 1922-cartoonists were added to the prizes Known as the Pulitzer Prize

43. Pulitzer Prize

45. Hearst-After US Representative from 1903-07 1920s-built a castle on a 240,000 acre ranch at San Simeon, CA. At his peak he owned 28 major newspapers and 18 magazines, along with several radio stations and movie companies 6

46. Hearst Castle

47. Citizen Cane By Orson Welles Said to be based on Hearst’s life Hearst tries to shut down the film, burning negatives and having people intimidate exhibitors into refusing to show the film

48. It can not happen again People are smarter People keep an eye on the media They are not as easily trusted as they once were

49. It can happen again Although they can, most often pay less and less attention to news Therefore, the media has to get more creative Rely more on opinionated reporting and commentary to strike interests

50. Do not let the media get the opportunity to go ‘Yellow’ again