1. Biochemistry/ Organic Molecules Biology Mr. Nelson

2. Standard  SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

3. I. Carbon Compounds A.) Organic Compounds  Contain “Carbon” or “C” atoms  Carbon bonds readily to other atoms B.) Usually refers to living things or items made from living things  All living things are made up of ….  Water  Organic compounds

4. I. Carbon Compounds

5. II. Functional Group A.) Hydroxyl - contains OH - makes molecule polar polar B.) Carboxyl - contains O and OH

6. II. Functional Groups C.) Amino - contains NH2 D.) Phosphate - contains P, 2O, & 2OH

7. III. Building-Blocks of Carbon A.) Monomer = single carbon molecule B.) Polymer = molecule consisting of repeated linked monomers C.) Macromolecules = large polymers  Examples:  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids

8. IV. Energy Currency A.) ATP (adenosine triphosphate)  Consists of 1.) Adenine 2.) Ribose (sugar) 3.) 3 Phosphate groups  Energy is held in the bond between the 2 nd and 3 rd phosphate groups!!  Energy is released when this bond is broken.

9. Assignment Workbook  P. 15  Voc. 1, 4, 5  Mult. Choice #1 - 5  P. 16  Short Ans. #2, 5  Struct. And Funct. #1, 3

10. Standards  SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.  SPI3210.1.5 – I can identify how enzymes control chemical reactions in the body.

11. V. Molecules of Life A.) Carbohydrates - sugars that your body breaks down and turns into energy (ATP) 1.) Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose)  Made of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio  C:H:O  1:2:1  Example 2.) Disaccharide (sucrose) - composed of 2 monosaccharides - Example:

12. V. Molecules of Life 3.) Polysaccharide - composed of 3 or more monosaccharides - Example: glycogen, starch, cellulose

13. V. Molecules of Life B.) Proteins 1.) Made of mostly C, H, O, and N 2.) Are long chains of amino acids  Joined together by peptide bonds  Dipeptide: two amino acids  Polypeptide: very long chain of amino acids  Proteins all have a different shape but are all globular

14. V. Molecules of Life 3.) Enzymes  Proteins that act as biological catalyst  Speeds up reactions  Substrate = reactant being catalyzed  Active site = area on enzyme where the substrate binds  Action of Enzyme:  Binds to substrate at active site  Enzyme changes slightly  Substrate reconfigures into product  Enzyme goes back to original shape

15. V. Molecules of Life  Factors that affect enzymes:  Temperature  pH

16. Standards  SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

17. V. Molecules of Life C.) Lipids 1.) Made of C, H, and O  Many more C’s and H’s than O’s  Are NONPOLAR 2.) Usually found in Long Chains called “fatty acids” 1.)Triglicerides: 3 fatty acids + alcohol glycerol  Saturated: each carbon atom has 4 bonds  Solid at room temp. (butter and animal fat)  Unsaturated: double bonds formed between carbons  Liquid at room temp. (vegetable oil)

18. V. Molecules of Life 2.)Phospholipids  2 fatty acids + glycerol  Make up the cell membrane  Phospholipid bilayer  Keeps water in or out of cell

19. V. Molecules of Life 3.) Waxes  Consist of long fatty acid + long alcohol chain  Waterproof  Ex: protective coating of plants, earwax 4.) Steroids  Made of 4 carbon rings + functional group  Ex: hormones  Testosterone, cholesterol

20. Standards  SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

21. V. Molecules of Life D.) Nucleic Acids  Made of chains of Nucleotides (3 parts) 1.) phosphate group 2.) five-carbon sugar 3.) nitrogenous base  Store and transmit genetic information  Ex.  DNA  Determines characteristics and directs cell activities  RNA  Instructions for making proteins

22. Assignment  Workbook  Pg. 5-6  Pg. 9-10

23. Standards  SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.  SPI3210.1.4 – I can identify positive tests for carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

24. VI. Testing for Molecules  Test foods or drinks for Carbs, Lipids, or Proteins A.) Benedict’s Solution - changes from blue-green to yellow or orange in presence of carbs B.) Lugol’s Iodine Solution - changes to blue-black in presence of starches

25. VI. Testing for Molecules C.) Biuret Solution - changes to violet in presence of proteins D.) Sudan IV Solution - stains red in presence of lipids

26. Standards  SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.  SPI3210.1.4 – I can identify positive tests for carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.  SPI3210.1.5 – I can identify how enzymes control chemical reactions in the body.

27. Chapter Review  Pg. 62 (5-23)