1. Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 20 Geography Africa Today’s Issues: European colonialism of the 1800s has left most of today’s independent African nations with economic, health, educational, and political problems.

2. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography Africa Today’s Issues: Economic Development Health Care SECTION 2 SECTION 1 Effects of Colonialism Case Study

3. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography Economic Development Section-1 Africa’s history of colonization has had long-term effects on its economy. Barriers to African economic development include illiteracy, foreign debt, and a lack of manufacturing industries.

4. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography Africa’s Economy Today A History of Problems Economic Development Section-1 Most countries do little manufacturing − sell raw materials to industrialized countries European colonizers exploited Africa’s resources, people − millions sold into slavery or died from harsh working conditions Land was mined, drilled; environment was ignored All this has limited Africa’s economic growth, political stability Continued…

5. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography Africa’s Economy Today {continued} Africa’s Economic Status Most African countries are worse off today than in 1960 − average incomes have decreased − worldwide: accounts for 1% of total GNP, 1.5% of exports Lack crucial infrastructure (roads, airports, railroads, ports) Little access to computers or high technology

6. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography On the Road to Development Reducing Debt and Increasing Cooperation Newly independent countries borrowed money to build economies − total debt of sub-Saharan governments was $227 billion by 1997 − many Western leaders push to forgive Africa’s debts Trying to improve economies through regional cooperation − Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) − Southern African Development Community (SADC) − groups promote trade, improvement of infrastructure Continued…

7. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography On the Road to Development {continued} Building Industries “One-commodity” countries rely on export of one or two commodities − commodity—agricultural or mining product that can be sold − value varies daily based on worldwide supply and demand − this makes “one-commodity” nations’ economies unstable Economists want Africans to diversify—create variety in economies − promote manufacturing to achieve economic growth and stability East Africa’s Djibouti established shipping center on Gulf of Aden

8. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography Many professionals migrate to Western nations − International Organization for Migration urges return Educating Workers Improving Education Uneducated populace is a large barrier to economic development Average schooling time for women up only 1.2 years in last 40 years In Angola and Somalia, civil wars have destroyed school systems But in Algeria, 94% get a formal education − 83% of Mauritians over 15 are literate Reversing the Brain Drain

9. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography Health Care Section-2 Epidemic diseases are killing Africa’s people in huge numbers. African nations and countries around the world are using a variety of methods, including education, to eradicate disease.

10. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography Disease and Despair Serious Diseases Health Care Section-2 Cholera—sometimes fatal infection − spread by poor sanitation, lack of clean water Malaria—often-fatal infectious disease marked by chills, fever − carried by mosquitoes; resistant to drugs due to overuse Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)—caused by HIV virus − 70% of adult, 80% of child AIDS cases are in Africa − often paired with tuberculosis—infectious respiratory infection

11. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography AIDS Stalks the Continent Africa Bears the Brunt 3 million died from AIDS worldwide in 2000 − 2.4 million lived in sub-Saharan Africa In Swaziland, 3 of 4 deaths were from AIDS − life expectancy has fallen from 58 years to 39 In 2000, 26 million people in Africa had HIV or AIDS Continued…

12. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography AIDS Stalks the Continent {continued} A High Price to Pay Widespread disease has economic consequences − sick people work less or not at all, earn less, slip into poverty AIDS is lowering South Africa’s GDP − by 2010, it could be 17% lower compared to without AIDS Medical care for AIDS patients is expensive − UNAIDS estimates $4.63 billion needed to fight AIDS in Africa − UNAIDS—United Nations program studying AIDS epidemic

13. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography A Variety of Answers Nations Respond Since 1930s, spraying programs used to reduce insect numbers − fight malaria, other insect-borne diseases In 2000, the Global Fund for Children’s Vaccines pledged money − $250 million over next 5 years for worldwide immunizations Gabon using oil revenues to upgrade its health care system African Development Fund loaned Mozambique $12.3 million dollars − money to be used to upgrade public health facilities Continued…

14. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography Nations Respond {continued} Strategies Against AIDS South Africa, Brazil work together on AIDS prevention, care − Brazil has public health policies to fight AIDS, other diseases − Brazil’s policies are considered a model for developing nations Continued…

15. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography Nations Respond {continued} Success Stories Uganda and Senegal have reduced spread of HIV − in 1997, Uganda offers same-day HIV tests, education programs − infection rates among 15 to 24 year olds have dropped 50% Senegal controls spread of AIDS with intensive education program − infection rates have been below 2% since mid- 1980s UNAIDS says HIV infection rates in sub-Saharan Africa are down − 1999–2000: dropped by 200,000 cases, but figure may be misleading

16. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography How can African nations bring peace and stability to their people? BACKGROUND Effects of Colonialism Case Study Early 19th century Africa was home to great empires, rich cultures By the end of the 19th century—poverty and violence Many of Africa’s problems stem from European colonialism

17. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography Continued… Colonizing Africa Europeans in Africa Effects of Colonialism Case Study Portuguese establish coastal trading stations in the 1400s By mid-1800s, Europeans seek Africa’s rich natural resources − need raw materials for industrial economies, markets to sell goods Berlin Conference (1884-85) sets rules for dividing up Africa

18. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography Europeans in Africa Case Study Nations Respond {continued} European control begins to fade in 20th century − most countries gain independence in 1960s Long-term damage to cultural and ethnic boundaries, economy

19. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography Continued… Colonial Transition Case Study Challenges of Independence Departing Europeans did not leave Africa with stable governments − newly established nations suffered dictators and civil wars Europeans did not understand Africa’s ethnic diversity − drew country boundaries combining historical enemies

20. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography Continued… Colonial Transition Case Study Challenges of Independence {continued} Germany and Belgium aggravated historically tense ethnic relations − Rwanda, Burundi include Hutu, Tutsi groups; war erupts in 1990s − this ethnic conflict took the lives of hundreds of thousands

21. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography Continued… Colonial Transition Case Study Challenges of Independence {continued} Colonial boundaries create problems for many African governments − difficult to get different ethnic groups to cooperate Dictators like Mobutu Sese Seko became common − Mobutu ruled what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo Many Africans have no experience living in democratic governments

22. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography Continued… Cause for Hope Case Study Challenges of Independence {continued} Primary goal is to establish democratic traditions − political stability needed for peace and prosperity Some progress is being made, for example in South Africa − white minority government yielded power to black majority in 1994 − ended decades of government-sanctioned racial discrimination

23. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 20 Geography Cause for Hope Case Study Challenges of Independence {continued} In 2001, Ghana peacefully elected a new president − a change from the coups, assassinations of previous governments