1. Groundwater

2. Where is Earth’s water found? Oceans = 97% Glaciers/ice caps = 2% Groundwater = 0.5% Lakes, rivers, soil, living things, atmosphere, etc. = < 0.3%

3. What is groundwater? Water that lies beneath the surface Small portion of Earth’s total water (0.5%) Significant source of water for humans Source is rain and snow Water not taken up by plants and soil flows into ground through infiltration

4. How does groundwater move? Water flows slowly downward (gravity) through soils and rock Once saturation is reached, water flows sideways, following landscape patterns

5. What is porosity? As water flows downward, it fills the spaces between the soil and rocks – The amount of space in a rock or soil describes its porosity – The more porous the material, the more water it can hold – e.g., sand is more porous than clay

6. What is permeability? As groundwater flows slowly underground, it has to squeeze through the pores of the material – The ability of a material to let water pass is called its permeability – e.g., clay has very small unconnected pores, which makes it impermeable

7. What are the zone of saturation and water table?  Zone of saturation: the depth below the surface at which the groundwater completely fills all the pores in the soil  Water table: the top of the zone of saturation  shape/height depends on surrounding elevation

8. What is an aquifer? An aquifer is a permeable layer of material full of groundwater, which can bubble up at a spring or be extracted through a well – Too much pumping from a well can lower the water table

9. How does groundwater interact with surface water? At the base of a slope or at a surface depression that is lower than the water table, the groundwater may come out as surface flow – e.g., stream valleys, lakes, springs

10. How does groundwater interact with surface water?

11. Springs and caves Spring: a place where water flows naturally from rock onto the land surface Caves can form when groundwater flows through limestone and erodes them into underground openings Water moves along fractures in crystalline rock and forms springs where the fractures intersect the land surface Water enters caves along joints in limestone and exits as springs at the mouths of caves Springs form at the contact between a permeable rock such as sandstone and an underlying less permeable rock such as shale Springs can form along faults when permeable rock has been moved against less permeable rock. Arrows show relative motion along fault

12. Sinkholes! Jacksonville, NC 2011 Daisetta, TX

13. What might pollute groundwater? Chemicals applied to agricultural crops can seep into groundwater with rain and irrigation water Rain can draw pollutants (heavy metals, household poisons) from city dumps into groundwater supplies Urban and agricultural sewage may contain bacteria, viruses, and parasites that contaminate groundwater It’s almost impossible to clean it up!

14. Pollution of groundwater Pumping wells can cause or aggravate ground- water pollution Water table steepens near a dump, increasing the velocity of ground-water flow and drawing pollutants into a well Water-table slope is reversed by pumping, changing direction of the ground-water flow, and polluting the well

15. What happens when too much water is pumped? Local of groundwater can last indefinitely if pumped out at an equal or lower rate than the rate of recharge to the aquifer Nationwide, groundwater is being pumped faster than it is being recharged, and many areas are facing serious declines

16. Your summary Write your summary of these notes in a few sentences