1. 1 Proteins & Enzymes Ms. Dunlap

2. DO NOW! 5 MIN SILENTLY! 1. What are the 4 Macromolecules? 2. Enzymes are a part of which macromolecules? 3. What do you know about Enzymes? Copyright Cmassengale2

3. 3 Carbon-based Molecules Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds Copyright Cmassengale

4. 4 Carbon is a Versatile Atom It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds Copyright Cmassengale

5. 5 Giant Molecules - Polymers Large molecules are called polymers Polymers are built from smaller molecules called monomers Biologists call them macromolecules Copyright Cmassengale

6. 6 Examples of Polymers Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Copyright Cmassengale

7. 7 Four Types of Proteins Structural Contractile Storage Transport Copyright Cmassengale

8. 8 20 Amino Acid Monomers Copyright Cmassengale

9. 9 Structure of Amino Acids Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things boded to it: Amino group –NH 2 Carboxyl group -COOH Hydrogen -H Side group -R Amino group Carboxyl group R group Side groups Leucine -hydrophobic Serine-hydrophillic Copyright Cmassengale

10. 10 Linking Amino Acids Cells link amino acids together to make proteins The process is called condensation or dehydration Peptide bonds form to hold the amino acids together Carboxyl Amino Side Group Dehydration Synthesis Peptide Bond Copyright Cmassengale

11. 11 Proteins as Enzymes Many proteins act as biological catalysts or enzymes Thousands of different enzymes exist in the body Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions by weakening bonds, thus lowering the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction Copyright Cmassengale

12. 12 Enzymes Their folded conformation creates an area known as the active site. Enzymes are globular proteins. The nature and arrangement of amino acids in the active site make it specific for only one type of substrate. Copyright Cmassengale

13. 13 Enzyme + Substrate = Product Copyright Cmassengale

14. 14 How the Enzyme Works Enzymes are reusable!!! Active site changes SHAPE Called INDUCED FIT Copyright Cmassengale

15. 15 Primary Protein Structure The primary structure is the specific sequence of amino acids in a protein Called polypeptide Amino Acid Copyright Cmassengale

16. 16 Protein Structures Secondary protein structures occur when protein chains coil or fold When protein chains called polypeptides join together, the tertiary structure forms because R groups interact with each other In the watery environment of a cell, proteins become globular in their quaternary structure Copyright Cmassengale

17. 17 Protein Structures or CONFORMATIONS Hydrogen bond Pleated sheet Amino acid (a) Primary structure Hydrogen bond Alpha helix (b) Secondary structure Polypeptide (single subunit) (c) Tertiary structure (d) Quaternary structure Copyright Cmassengale

18. 18 Denaturating Proteins Changes in temperature & pH can denature (unfold) a protein so it no longer works Cooking denatures protein in eggs Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it denatures Copyright Cmassengale

19. Take 5 min… If the enzyme LACTASE breaks down the sugar LACTOSE please write down what enzyme breaks down SUCROSE? What sugars are sucrose broken down too? What sugars are Lactose broken down too? Copyright Cmassengale19

20. 20 Changing Amino Acid Sequence Substitution of one amino acid for another in hemoglobin causes sickle-cell disease (a) Normal red blood cellNormal hemoglobin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7... 146 (b) Sickled red blood cellSickle-cell hemoglobin 2 3 1 45 6 7... 146 Copyright Cmassengale

21. 21 Other Important Proteins Blood sugar level is controlled by a protein called insulin Insulin causes the liver to uptake and store excess sugar as Glycogen The cell membrane also contains proteins Receptor proteins help cells recognize other cells Copyright Cmassengale

22. 22 INSULIN Cell membrane with proteins & phospholipids Copyright Cmassengale

23. Get into groups of 2,3, or 4. There should be no more than 9 groups. Use the small dry erase boards to answer the following questions. Every group has to answer. Raise up your board so I can see you answers. Be Quick...other groups might steal your choices. You have 30 seconds to answer. GO!!!!! Copyright Cmassengale23

24. 1. Where can we find structural proteins? Answer: Hair Copyright Cmassengale24

25. 2. The Specific sequence of amino acids in a protein can be found in which structure? Answer: Primary Structure Copyright Cmassengale25

26. 3. These two changes can denature proteins Answer: Temperature and Ph Copyright Cmassengale26

27. 4. Cells Linking Amino Acids to make proteins are called ______ or _______ Answer: Condensation or Dehydration Copyright Cmassengale27

28. 5. What enzyme breaks down sucrose? Answer: Sucrase Copyright Cmassengale28

29. 29 End Copyright Cmassengale