1. Food Microbiology 1 Unit 4 Microbial Growth

2. Bacteria are single-celled organisms Bacteria multiply in a process called binary fission in which two cells arise from one Growth Rate: is the change in cell number per unit time The interval for one cell to become two is known as the generation time or doubling time Quickest generation time is 9 mins Bacteria typically 15-30 mins In extreme cases it can be one year

3. Example: Microbial Growth Hypothetical problem to appreciate how rapidly bacteria are capable of multiplying Facts: The weight of one Escherichia coli cell is 1 x 10 -12 g The generation time or doubling time is 20 mins The mass of the Earth is 1.45 x 10 21 Kg Starting at 9:00 am with one Escherichia coli under conditions of unlimited nutrients how many E. coli would be present after 3 hours? 48 hours? How does this relate to the mass of the Earth?

4. Answer: 20 min/generation = 3 generations/hour 3 hours x 3 generations/hour = 9 generations 1x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2= 2 9 = 512 cells After 48 hours: ( Use your calculators for this x y ) 2.2 x 10 43 cells; weigh 2.2 x 10 28 Kg which is 1.5 x 10 7 times the mass of planet earth!!!

5. Growth Curves

6. Lag Phase Considered as the adjustment period when the organism adapts to new surroundings No Microbial growth Synthesize enzymes to adapt to the environment Recovery from stress or injury This period may be extended in unfavorable environments In extreme cases the lag phase can last for weeks

7. Exponential (log phase) Growth is stable Growth rate is constant for a given bacteria under specified conditions Catabolic processes generate energy Anabolic processes build cell structures

8. Stationary Phase Over time, essential nutrients become depleted or waste products build up to toxic levels so that logarithmic phase ceases and results in stationary phase No net growth in stationary phase (cell ‘replacing’ but number not increasing Cell functions such as energy metabolism may continue Endospore-forming bacteria produce the endospore once the culture has entered the stationary phase

9. Death phase Viable cell count decreases Under certain circumstances cell death is accompanied by cell lysis

10. Factors Affecting Microbial Growth Food Microbiologists must have through understanding of the factors which influence microbial growth Many parameters can affect the growth and survival of microorganisms. These parameters are divided into: 1- Intrinsic 2- Extrinsic

11. Intrinsic Parameters Are those inherent to the food These include:  Biological Structures  Nutrient Content  pH and organic acids  Water Activity  Oxidation-reduction potential  Antimicrobial constituents Intrinsic parameters have a major impact on the type of microorganisms that are capable of growing on or in a food

12. Extrinsic Parameters Are those properties of the storage environment which affect both the food and the microorganisms associated with the food These include:  Temperature of storage  Relative humidity of environment  Presence and concentrations of gases in the environment Extrinsic parameters effect both the food and microorganisms and influence the extent and rate at which microorganisms will grow

13. Intrinsic Parameters 1- Biological Structure Outer barriers against the invasion of microorganisms (E.g the skin of fruits and vegetables form a protective layer to invasion by microorganisms) Inner parts of whole healthy tissues are sterile Damages during harvesting pr processing (peeling, skinning, chopping) expose tissues and increase microbial loads throughout the product

14. Biological Structure Milk has no protective barrier Ground meat spoils faster than whole meat cuts(grinding distributes surface microorganisms throughout) Eggs are usually sterile inside but heavily contaminated on the shell, crack in the shell allows microbes to enter

15. 2- Nutrient Content The chemical composition of a food influences the type of microorganisms that will grow and the products that they will produce during growth All microorganisms important to food are chemoheterotrophs They use organic compounds as energy and carbon sources Food is rich in nutrients Food provide microorganisms with water, a source of energy, carbon and nitrogen sources, and growth factors such as vitamins and minerals

16. All microorganisms require water in an available form to grow and metabolize Availability of water is measured by water activity (a w ) a w = Vapor pressure of food substrate/ Vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature a w of pure water is 1.0 % moisture of foods is not the same as a w 3- Water Activity

17. Water Activity The a w of a food can be reduced by increasing the concentration of solutes in the aqueous phase of the food Accomplished by drying, freezing, or addition of solutes (sugar in jams) All microorganisms have optimum and minimum a w requirements The maximum limit is slightly less than 1.0 (organisms cannot grow in absolutely pure water) Yeasts and molds can tolerate lower a w than bacteria Gram-negative bacteria require higher a w than Gram- positive bacteria

18. a w affects growth, toxin production, spore germination, and heat resistance of microorganisms Microorganisms will not grow in foods with a w below 0.60 Bacterial pathogens are usually inhibited at a w less than 0.9 except Staphylococcus aureus can grow at a w 0.86 Most fresh foods have very high a w (0.98-0.99), processed foods range (pudding 0.99; crackers 0.3)

19. Minimum Water Activity that will support the growth of bacteria and yeasts and molds MicroorganismsMinimum a w Spoilage Bacteria0.90-0.91 Spoilage Yeast0.87-0.94 Spoilage Molds0.70-0.80 Clostridium botulinum0.90-0.98 Salmonella spp0.95-0.96 Staphylococcus aureus0.86-0.92