1. Biochip Biosensor or bioprocessor that utilizes
technologies of modern Biology and
Electronics in a micro scale.

2. Types of Biochip DNA chip Protein chip Enzyme chip Lab-on-a-chip
Biomolecular machine
Biocomputer

3. Physical methods are the keys for many biological problems
DNA sequencing
Protein structure
Spectrophotometry
Mass Spect
Electron microscope
Confocal

5. Bio-physical methods DNA sequencing Protein structure
Spectrophotometry
Mass Spect
Electron microscope
Confocal

7. Structure Determination

8. An ideal biochip Size-portable Save energy-long term usage
Low cost-mass production
High sensitivity-integration
Low sample requirement
Microarray-high thru put
Decreased invasiveness

9. ULSI Ultra Large Scale Integration SSI Small Scale Integration
VLSI Very Large Scale Integration
ZSI Zero Scale Integration
ASI Atomic Scale Integration
LSI Large Scale Integration
GSI Giga Scale Integration
MSI Medium Scale Integration
Time evolution in computer technology from zero to atomic scale integration (Ciabrera et al., 1991; Nicolini, 1993).

11. Features and factors of size reduction in microchip-based analysis TIBTECH DECEMBER 1999 (VOL 17)

12. The size matter

14. Biomolecular Machine Microtubules and Their Motors
Skeletal Muscle Myosin and muscle contraction
A Proton Gradient Drives the rotation of Bacterial Flagella

17. A DNA-fuelled molecular machinemade of DNA
DNA as Molecular Machine Construction and operation of the molecular tweezers.
A DNA-fuelled molecular machinemade of DNA
Bernard Yurke*, Andrew J. Turber®eld*², Allen P. Mills Jr*, Friedrich C. Simmel* & Jennifer L. Neumann*
NATURE | VOL 406 | 10 AUGUST 2000
Name Sequence Domain 1 Domain 2
A 5’ TGCCTTGTAAGAGCGACCAT CAACCTGGAATGCTTCGGAT 3’
B 5’ GGTCGCTCTTACAAGGCA CTGGTAACAATCACGGTCTATGCG 3’
C 5’ GGAGTCCTACTGTCTGAACTAACG ATCCGAAGCATTCCAGGT 3’
F 5’ CGCATAGACCGTGATTGTTACCAG CGTTAGTTCAGACAGTAGGACTCC TGCTACGA 3’
b 5’ GGTCGCTCTTACAAGGCA CAGCTAGTTTCACAGTGGCAAGTC 3’
g 5’ GCAGGCTTCTACATATCTGACGAG ATCCGAAGCATTCCAGGT 3’
FBg 5’ CGCATAGACCGTGATTGTTACCAG CTCGTCAGATATGTAGAAGCCTGC ACGTCGAT 3’
FCb 5’ GACTTGCCACTGTGAAACTAGCTG CGTTAGTTCAGACAGTAGGACTCC TGTCCAGA 3’

19. Biocomputer
Memory-The design of a biochip: a self-assembling molecular-scale memory, Protein Engineering, 1, 295 (1987)
Switching devise-Biochemical switching devise: biomimetic approach and application to neural network study, J. of Biotech, 109, 109 (1992)
Logic gate-A biochemical logic gate using an enzyme and its inhibitor, Biotech Progress (1999)
Wire-Femtosecond direct observation of charge transfer between bases in DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 19, (2000)

20. Applications of DNA chip and microarray technology
Pharmacogenomics (2000) 1(3):

21. (from A to V) Pharmacogenomics (2000) 1(3):289-307
Companies involved in developing microarray DNA-chip technology for pharmacogenomics
(from A to V) Pharmacogenomics (2000) 1(3):

22. Components of a DNA microchip.
Pharmacogenomics (2000) 1(3):

23. Types of transducer Electrical-current/voltage (FET, MOS),
charge, dielectricity
Optical-absorption, emission, phase change, polarisation/absorption (SPR), opto-ethermal
Thermal
Magnetic-NMR, mass spect
Mechanical, frequency-surface acoustic wave, quartz balance

24. Electrochemical Sensors
Principle:
Anode: semi-oxidation reaction
Cathode: semi-reduction reaction
Example: Biofuel cell

25. Biofuel Cell (J.A.C.S. 2001, 123, 8630)

26. Electronic Nose (Biosen. & Bioele. 14, 1999 9-18)

27. Surface Plasma Resonance (SPR)

29. Nanowire FET (Sience 293, 17, August, 2001)

30. Semiconductor Devices as Sensors of Biological Reactions
SAW
Photodiodes
Mass
Light
Enzymatic Reaction
Modified Electrode
Electron
EnzymeFET
Charge
Heat
Thermometer