1. Five Modes of Documentary Representation
Reflexive and Performative Modes of Documentary Films

2. Table of Contents 1) Reflexive Mode of Documentary Representation
2) Dziga Vertov and Man with a Movie Camera
3) Performative Mode of Documentary Representation
4) Chris Maker’s Sans soleil

3. Reflexive Mode
Reflexive documentary arose from a desire to make the conventions of representations themselves more apparent and to challenge the impression of reality which the other three modes normally conveyed unproblematically. Bill Nichols, Representing Reality, p. 33

4. Reflexive Mode
To problematize the ways in which documentaries reveal the truth
Reflexive documentaries are about documentaries and documentary representation

5. Dziga Vertov
Dziga Vertov ( ) psychoneurologist, film editor, director and theorist
Formation of the group of filmmakers called ‘Kinok’ (or ‘Kino-oki’) = camera eye

6. Dziga Vertov
Vertov and ‘Kino-oki’ abandons fiction film for documentary.
The camera can capture life-as-it-is which is missed by human eye.
The film drama is the Opium of the people… down with Bourgeois fairy-tale scenarios… long live life as it is!

7. Dziga Vertov Belief in the primacy of movie camera over human eye
- To be able to see at long distances, to film in slow or fast motion, etc
- Through editing, scenes from different times and places could be cut together, the same scene viewed from several different angles, impressions of speed and energy enhanced by fast cutting

8. Dziga Vertov
Kinok (Kino-oki) presents a reality which only a movies can presents.
The reality different from the reality the audience knows.
Thus, Vertov’s film poses a question: is the reality captured in his documentary a reality.
His reality does not agree with our idea of it - lack of truth effects.

9. Dziga Vertov
Our eyes see very little and very badly – so people dreamed up the microscope to let them see invisible phenomena; they invented the telescope… now they have perfected the cinecamera to penetrate more deeply into the visible world, to explore and record visual phenomena so that what is happening now, which will have to be taken account of in the future, is not forgotten.—Provisional Instructions to Kino-Eye Groups, Dziga Vertov, 1926

10. Dziga Vertov
Man with a Movie Camera (1929) - presents urban lives in Soviet cities. From dusk to dawn Soviet citizens are shown at work and at play.
Also, it is about filmmaking

11. Dziga Vertov Showing the viewer how a film is made Double exposure
Quick motion
Slow motion
Stop motion
Tracking shot
Extreme high and low angles
Unusual camera movement

12. Dziga Vertov

13. Errol Morris
The Thin Blue Line (1988) - a documentary about Randall Adams who was convicted and sentenced to a life imprisonment for the murder of a police officer.
The film relies on the conventions of interactive documentary - interviews and confessions.

14. Errol Morris
Tension arises when statements contradict each other and this draws our attention to the legitimacy of testimonies and confessions recorded in the documentary.
Randall Adams swears he did not kill the policeman but competing statements are presented.
Despite the quest for evidence, the film underlies the uncertainty of what evidence there is.

15. Legacy
Self-reflexivity - the reflexive documentary shows how it is created.
→ Film’s reflection on itself
Jean-Luc Godard and other nouvelle vague filmmakers

16. Self-reflexive Cinema
François Truffaut’s La Nuit Americaine (Day for Night, 1973)
Definitive film on film-making
Film within a film: La Nuit Americaine is constructed around the production of Je vous presente, Pamela.
NA excerpt

17. Performative Mode
[Performative documentaries] stress subjective aspects of a classically objective discourse - possible limitations: loss of referential emphasis may relegate such films to the avant-garde; 'excessive' use of style. Bill Nichols, Blurred Boundaries, p. 95

18. Performative Mode The priority - to evoke the MOOD or ATMOSPHERE.
Aims - to present reality in a subjective, expressive, stylised, evocative and visceral manner.

19. Performative Mode
Harry Watt and Basil Wright, Night Mail (1936) about the mail carried from London to Edinburgh in an express train
Poems written by W.H. Auden and Music by Benjamin Britten

20. Performative Mode
Alain Resnais’s Nuit et Brouillard (Night and Fog, 1955)
One of the first documentary on the horror of the Holocaust.

21. Performative Mode
Contrast between the huge stillness of the abandoned camps and horrific wartime footage.
Text by Jean Cayrol and spoken by Michel Bouquet

22. Performative Mode Chris Maker, Sans soleil (1983)
Meditations on travel, memory (or forgetting), and time in words and images.

23. Performative Mode
An essay, a collage mixing images with philosophical comments, and creating an atmosphere of dream.