1. A Few Things about Chapter 24

2. Lutheranism and Calvinism Offered princes in the HRE & elsewhere the opportunity to expand their power bases.

3. Luther left Calvin right

4. Catholic Reformation spearheaded by Jesuits Loyola converts people in India, Japan, and the Philippines

6. Religious Wars France 1562 - 1598 Spanish Armada 1588 attempt to force England to return to Catholicism Dutch subjects resist Phillip II’s army. Northern provinces become Netherlands. Southern ones become Belgium. 30 Years War 1618-1648 attempt by HRE to force Bohemian subjects to return to the Catholic Church - Spain, France, Sweden, and Denmark among the combatants.

8. Consolidation of states Europe is unique in that it was not ruled by an empire, but by independent, well armed, and highly competitive states. This is unlike China or the Ottoman Empire Wallerstein’s World System Theory

10. Centralizing monarchs use religious issues to enhance authority Spain requires Catholicism and expels Jews and Muslims Spanish Inquisition 1478 purpose to ferret out Jews & Muslims. Charles V used to find Protestants

12. Centralizing monarchs also use their tax and military power to weaken the nobility Siphon off the wealth of the Church to expand their power.

13. Constitutional States share authority with representative institutions In England & the Netherlands we get: Limited government, habeas corpus, right to jury trial Openness, toleration Merchants prosper

14. Oliver Cromwell - his Puritan followers were known as “Roundheads”

15. First England goes through some trauma Anglican kings want new taxes w/o consent of Parliament. Many dissidents in Parliament were Calvinists (called Puritans in England). Both Parliament and the King raise armies. Parliament wins and in 1649 Charles is beheaded. This leads to a bloodless change in power known as the Glorious Revolution 1688.

16. Charles I beheaded

17. England & the Netherlands Mobilize popular support to increase state power Merchants especially prominent in both Both favor maritime trade & establish overseas empires Citizens in both states pursue their economic interests with little government interference (laissez faire)

18. Rembrandt - Clothmakers’ Guild

19. Absolutism - Divine right of kings In France Cardinal Richelieu is the architect. Louis XIII (r1624-1642) undermines power of nobility, builds large bureaucracy and attacks French Calvinists (called Huguenots) who often allied with nobles

20. Louis XIV 1643 - 1715 Builds Versailles Largest standing army in Europe Fights wars to enlarge France

23. Versailles Palace

24. Russian Tsar Peter the Great 1682 - 1725 Uses western model Overhauls government bureaucracy to facilitate tax collection. Builds navy (and Petersburg) Cuts beards of nobles to westernize Followed by Catherine the Great

26. Map

27. European State System Interstate competition leads to conflict with no imperial power able to restore order. Peace of Westphalia which ends 30 Years War tries for a balance of power where no one state can get too strong

28. Main wars involve French attempts at expansion In Europe War of Spanish Succession 1701-1714 and 7 Years War 1756 - 1763 a number of nations including Britain, and the United Provinces stop France. In the New World and India France loses to the British who eventually become hegemonic

29. The Battle of Denain 1712. Oil by Jean Alaux France throws money and lives away

30. Capitalism Columbian Exchange helps diet (potato, corn). Leads to population growth and urbanization Capitalism defined - a system based on private property, sanctity of contract, wage labor and voluntary exchange, reinvestment of profits. Capitalists always seek to cheapen labor Supply and demand Market as allocator

31. New Forms of Business Banks, Joint Stock Companies develop in context of imperialism

32. Protoindustrialization Guilds discouraged competition & restricted innovation - profit was not their goal Countryside production therefore sidesteps guilds with putting out system

33. Capitalism also involved unsettling changes

34. Russia To keep loyalty of powerful nobles Tsar allows serfs to by mistreated. This guarantees a labor force for nobles estates. After 1400 Feudalism ends in Western Europe, but become more harsh in Eastern Europe and survives in Russia until after 1850.

35. Free labor-Semi Free Labor - Slaves All three needed for World System.

36. Adam Smith Wealth of Nations 1776 Society prospers when individuals pursue their own interests. World wide division of labor

37. Science Direct observation, data Many scientific advances aided state power in areas like mining, weaponry, ship building That’s why England, France and later Germany had government sponsored science societies

38. Ptolemaic Universe

40. Enlightenment Locke - social contract Montesquieu - Division of power Voltaire

41. The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters