2. Branches of Earth Science - The study of the origin, history, process & structure of the solid earth. - The study of the dynamics and changing conditions of the oceans. - The study of the changing conditions of the atmosphere. - The study of the motions of the Earth and other objects in space. - The study of how the environment affects life on earth. Geology Oceanography Climatology Astronomy Ecology

3. Observation vs Inference An observation is a fact or conclusion based on. We can also use to observe or measure something. – Example: An inference is a or that is based on observations, previous knowledge or beliefs. (Educated Guess) – Example: THE FIVE SENSES TOOLS CONCLUSION GUESS

4. The Scientific Method Question Research Hypothesis Experiment Conclusions Try Again! If hypothesis was wrong…

5. Metric Measurement Metric System is based on the number 10 Common Prefixes and decimal places

7. Measurement - Metric Changing or converting units is as easy as moving the decimal place left or right. Remember – Kids Have Dropped Over Dead Converting Metric Now… let’s practice…

8. Scientific Notation 1.2 x 10 6 5.5 x 10 -6

10. Determining Percent Error No measurement is perfect. All measurements can be made with more care or with better instruments. For this reason we use the term “Accepted Value” not “correct or true value.” Percent Error (% Deviation) is used to compare a measurement with the commonly accepted value for that measurement.

11. Calculating Percent Error

12. Density

13. Finding Mass and Volume 2. Find the mass of a rock that has a density of 3.0 g/cm 3 and a volume of 8.0 cm 3. – D = m/v so m = D x v – Mass = 3. Find the volume of a rock that has a density of 3.0 g/cm 3 and a mass of 24.0 g. – D = m/v so v = m/D – Volume =

14. Density Practice The diagram below represents of particle of sedimentary rock. It has a density of 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter and a volume of 15.0 cubic centimeters. What is the mass of this particle? A. 5.5 g B. 15.0 g C. 40.5 g D. 109.3 g

15. Density Practice… again! Which graph best represents the relationship between the density and the volume of these samples? SampleMass (g)Volume (cm3)Density (g/cm3) A5025 B10050 C15075

16. Factors Affecting Density The density of an object is related to the temperature and pressure on the object. As temperature density. – Inverse Relationship As pressure density. – Linear relationship

17. Density Graphs Density vs Temp Density vs Pressure Density Temp Pressure

18. EVEN MORE Density Practice The diagram below shows equal masses of four different materials and different temperatures. Which material has the greatest density? A. Water B. Iron C. Granite D. Dry Air Mass = 10g Vol = 10ml Mass = 10g Vol = 1.3ml Mass = 10g Vol = 3.7ml Mass = 10g Vol = 8,300ml

19. Types of Graphs A graph is a visual way to organize and present data. Makes it easier to read and understand large amounts of data. Basic Types 1. 2. 3. Line Bar Pie

20. Line Graph Line graphs are constructed by plotting data on a coordinate system that is set up on a vertical and horizontal axes [x, y] – Shows a Direct Relationship between 2 Variables – Data is continuous X-Axis – Horizontal – Usually used for the independent variable. Y-Axis – Vertical – Usually used for the dependent variable.

21. Masses and Volumes of Different Materials T. A. I. L. S.

22. Bar Graph Bar graphs are used to compare discrete (separate) data values where the data is not continuous. (Categories) Contains the same graph components as a line graph but uses bars or columns for each different data point.

23. Pie Graph A pie graph helps one visualize how many parts or fractions make up a whole. Frequently the data is a percentage.

24. Pie Graph Gas% Nitrogen78.0 Oxygen21.0 Other1.0 Which gas makes up most of the atmosphere? What percent of the atmosphere is composed of oxygen?