1. Cranium Anatomy What’s in your head?

2. ANATOMY OF THE SKULL & BRAIN A. The “SCALP” S – Skin- of the scalp is more dense than anywhere else on the body C – Connective tissue- dense; binds skin to apneurosis. Bleeds severely when cut. Painful region when injured, but little swelling. A - Apneurosis- is tissue that becomes MM when over the frontal & occipital areas. Helps absorb trauma to the skull, especially glancing blows L – Loose Connective Tissue- Forms a potential space in which large quantities of blood& pus accumulate around the entire skull P – Periosteum- Deepest layer is loosely attached to skull except at suture Lines

3. Bones of the Skull Bones of the Skull 1. The Skull: a) Frontal b) Parietal c) Occipital Occipital Protuberance- d) Temporal Zygomatic Arch- Mastoid Process- Styloid Process e) Sphenoid f.) Ethmoid

4. Facial Bones Facial Bones ALacrimal BNasal CMaxilla DZygomatic EMandible BodyAngleRamus

5. The Dura 1. Dura – The outer most layer of the meninges(membrane surr.brain& sp. cord) that consists of three distinct layers: a) Dura Mater- is the outer most layer of the meninges & is made of strong white Fibrous tissue b) Arachnoid membrane- delicate & weblike layer, is the innermost layer c) Pia mater- transparent adheres to the outer surface of the brain & contains blood vessels 2. Dural Spaces- Spaces among the dura Epidural space Epidural space Subdural space Subdural space Subarachnoid space Subarachnoid space

6. THE BRAIN 1. Four Major Areas: a) Cerebral Hemisphere- major portion of the brain (83%) 1) Divisions: LEFT LEFT RIGHT RIGHT 2) SUD DIVISIONS: “LOBES” Frontal Frontal Parietal Parietal Occipital Occipital Temporal Temporal

7. The Brain b. Diencephelon: sits on the uppermost region of the brain stem and has 3 Major Divisions: 1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Epithalmus c) Brain Stem: the control center of the brain. Consists of the Medulla Oblongata, Pons, and Mid-Brain d) Cerebellum – beneath the occipital lobe

9. The Anatomy and Function of the Brainstem

10. Medulla Oblongata Ascending and descending tracts Ascending and descending tracts Connect spinal cord with the brain Connect spinal cord with the brain Some tracts cross over in medulla Some tracts cross over in medulla Reticular formation - controls consciousness Reticular formation - controls consciousness Reflex centers Reflex centers

11. Pons Midbrain Connects spinal cord with brain Connects spinal cord with brain Helps control breathing Helps control breathing reflex center reflex center Controls movement of head and eyeball (visual stimuli) Controls movement of head and eyeball (visual stimuli) Controls movement of head and trunk (auditory stimuli) Controls movement of head and trunk (auditory stimuli)

12. The Anatomy and Functions of the Diencephalon Thalamus Thalamus relay station for sensory impulses relay station for sensory impulses interpretation center for pain, temperature and touch interpretation center for pain, temperature and touch Hypothalamus - homeostasis Hypothalamus - homeostasis

13. The Cerebrum: Structure Function

14. Cerebral cortex - gray matter surface Cerebral cortex - gray matter surface Longitudinal fissure separates two hemispheres Longitudinal fissure separates two hemispheres Gyri - folds Gyri - folds Sulci - grooves Sulci - grooves Corpus callosum - bridge connecting two hemispheres Corpus callosum - bridge connecting two hemispheres

15. Cerebral Hemispheres Frontal lobe - muscle movement, moods, aggression, smell, motivation Frontal lobe - muscle movement, moods, aggression, smell, motivation Parietal lobe - touch, pain, balance, taste, temperature Parietal lobe - touch, pain, balance, taste, temperature Temporal lobe - hearing, smell, memory, abstract thought, judgment Temporal lobe - hearing, smell, memory, abstract thought, judgment Occipital lobe - vision Occipital lobe - vision

16. The Cerebellum: Structure and Function Butterfly-shaped Butterfly-shaped Two partially separated hemispheres connected by vermis Two partially separated hemispheres connected by vermis Functions Functions coordinating muscular movements coordinating muscular movements maintaining posture maintaining posture maintaining balance maintaining balance