1. 1 FINANCE FOR EXECUTIVES Managing for Value Creation FINANCE FOR EXECUTIVES Managing for Value Creation Gabriel Hawawini Claude Viallet Gabriel Hawawini Claude Viallet DESIGNING A CAPITAL STRUCTURE

2. 2 EXHIBIT 11.1a: JBC’s Earnings Per Share under the Current and Proposed Capital Structures and in the Absence of Taxes. RECESSION Earnings before interest & tax (EBIT)$10,000,000$30,000,000$40,000,000 Less interest expenses000 Less tax000 Equals net earnings $10,000,000$30,000,000$40,000,000 Divided by the number of shares2,000,0002,000,0002,000,000 Equals earnings per share (EPS)$5$15$20 EXPECTEDEXPANSION CURRENT CAPITAL STRUCTURE: NO DEBT AND TWO MILLION SHARES AT $100 PER SHARE

3. 3 EXHIBIT 11.1b: JBC’s Earnings Per Share under the Current and Proposed Capital Structures and in the Absence of Taxes. RECESSION Earnings before interest & tax (EBIT)$10,000,000$30,000,000$40,000,000 Less interest expenses(10,000,000)(10,000,000)(10,000,000) Less tax000 Equals net earnings $0$20,000,000$30,000,000 Divided by the number of shares1,000,0001,000,0001,000,000 Equals earnings per share (EPS)$0$20$30 EXPECTEDEXPANSION PROPOSED CAPITAL STRUCTURE:BORROW $100 MILLION AT 10 PERCENT AND USE THE CASH TO REPURCHASE ONE MILLION SHARES AT $100 PER SHARE

4. 4 EXHIBIT 11.2: JBC’s Earnings Per Share under Different Capital Structures.

5. 5 EXHIBIT 11.3: Financial Leverage and Risk.

6. 6 EXHIBIT 11.4a: Corporate Leverage versus Homemade Leverage. RECESSION JBC’s net earnings with debt (from Exhibit 11.1)$0$20,000,000$30,000,000 Divided by the number of shares1,000,0001,000,0001,000,000 Equals earnings per share (EPS)$0$20$30 Return on investment (EPS divided by $100)0%20%30% EXPECTEDEXPANSION SHAREHOLDER’S RETURN ON A $100 INVESTMENT WHEN JBC BORROWS AT $100 MILLION

7. 7 EXHIBIT 11.4b: Corporate Leverage versus Homemade Leverage. RECESSION JBC’s net earnings with no debt (from Exhibit 11.1)$10,000,000$30,000,000$40,000,000 Divided by the number of shares2,000,0002,000,0002,000,000 Equals earnings per share (EPS)$5$15$20 Earnings on two shares$10$30$40 Less interest payment of 10% on $100($10)($10)($10) Net earnings$0$20$30 Return on investment (net earnings divided by $100)0%20%30% EXPECTEDEXPANSION SHAREHOLDER’S RETURN ON A $100 NET INVESTMENT WHEN JBC MAINTAINS THE ALL- EQUITY CAPITAL STRUCTURE: THE INVESTOR BUYS TWO SHARES OF JBC, ONE WITH HIS OWN MONEY AND THE OTHER WITH BORROWED MONEY.

8. 8 EXHIBIT 11.5: JBC’s Cost of Equity and WACC for Two Debt-to- Equity Ratios, r A = 15% and k D = 10%. DEBT-TO-EQUITY 0.20 DEBT0.50 DEBT RATIO0.80 EQUITY0.50 EQUITY Cost of equity15% + (15% – 10%) × 0.25 = 15% + (15% – 10%) × 1.00 = from equation 11.2 Weighted average cost of capital 16.25% × 0.80 + 10% × 0.20 =20% × 0.50 + 10% × 0.50 = from the right side of equation 11.1 = 0.25 = 1.00 16.25%20% 15%

9. 9 EXHIBIT 11.6: The Cost of Capital as a Function of the Debt-to-Equity Ratio According to the Pizza Theory and in the Absence of Taxes.

10. 10 EXHIBIT 11.7: JBC’s Share Price for Different Capital Structure. MarketAmountMarketNumberPrice CapitalFinancialValue ofof DebtValue ofofper StructureRiskAssetsFinancingEquitySharesShare (1)(2)(1) – (2) = (3)(4) (3)/ (4) No debtnone$200 millionnone$200 million2,000,000$100 20% debtlow$200 million$40 million$160 million1,600,000$100 50% debthigher$200 million$100 million$100 million1,000,000$100

11. 11 EXHIBIT 11.8a: Effects of Changes in Capital Structure on the Firm’s Earnings Per Share, Share Price, Market Value, and Cost of Capital Without Corporate Taxes and with a 50 Percent Corporate Tax Rate.

12. 12 EXHIBIT 11.8b: Effects of Changes in Capital Structure on the Firm’s Earnings Per Share, Share Price, Market Value, and Cost of Capital Without Corporate Taxes and with a 50 Percent Corporate Tax Rate.

13. 13 EXHIBIT 11.9: The Value of JBC as a Function of Its Debt-Assets Ratio in the Presence of Taxes.

14. 14 EXHIBIT 11.10a: JBC’s Share Price for Different Capital Structures with a 50 Percent Corporate Tax Rate. AMOUNTNUMBERUNLEVERED CAPITALOF DEBTOF SHARESVALUE OF STRUCTUREFINANCINGOUTSTANDINGASSETS (1)(2) (3) No debtNo debt2,000,000$100 million 20% debt$20 million1,600,000$100 million 50% debt$50 million1,000,000$100 million

15. 15 EXHIBIT 11.10b: JBC’s Share Price for Different Capital Structures with a 50 Percent Corporate Tax Rate. PRESENT VALUE LEVERED OF INTERESTVALUE OFVALUE OF SHARE TAX SHIELDASSETSEQUITYPRICE (4)(3) + (4) = (5)(5) – (1) = (6) (6)/(2) Zero$100 million $100 million $50 $10 million$110 million $90 million $56.25 $25 million$125 million $75 million $75

16. 16 EXHIBIT 11.11: The Cost of Capital as a Function of the Debt-to-Equity Ratio According to the Pizza Theory and in the Presence of Corporate Taxes.

17. 17 EXHIBIT 11.12: JBC’s Cost of Equity and WACC for Two Debt-to- Equity Ratios, r A = 15% and k D = 10% and T C = 50%. Value of Equity from Exhibit 11.11. AMOUNT BORROWED$20 MILLION$50 MILLION Value of equity$90 million $75 million Debt-to-equity ratio$20 million$50 million $90 million$75 million D$20 million$50 million E + D$110 million$50 million Cost of equity15% + (15% – 10%) (1 – 50%) × 0.22 15% + (15% – 10%)(1 – 50%) × 0.67 from equation 11.5 Weighted average cost of capital from15.56% × 0.82 + 5% × 0.1816.67% × 0.60 + 5% × 0.40 equation 11.6 = 15.56%= 16.67% = 13.66%= 12.0% = 0.22 = 0.18 = 0.67 = 0.40

18. 18 EXHIBIT 11.13: The Value of a Firm in the Presence of Corporate Taxes and Financial Distress Costs as a Function of its Debt-to-Assets Ratio.

19. 19 EXHIBIT 11.14: The Cost of Capital as a Function of the Debt-to-Equity Ratio in the Presence of Corporate Taxes and Financial Distress Costs.

20. 20 EXHIBIT 11.15a: Factors Affecting the Capital Structure Decision. FACTORS THAT FAVOR BORROWING Primary factor Corporate income taxDebt is a device that allows firms to reduce their corporate income tax because interest expenses are tax deductible whereas dividends and retained earnings are not. However, the interest tax shield at the corporate level may be reduced by the impact of personal income taxes. Important secondary factors Agency costs of equityDebt is a device that helps reduce the agency costs of equity arising from the tendency of managers to make decisions that are not always in the best interest of shareholders. Debt increases the firm’s value because debt servicing imposes focus and discipline on managers, who will then be less likely to “waste” shareholders’ funds.

21. 21 EXHIBIT 11.15b: Factors Affecting the Capital Structure Decision. FACTORS THAT FAVOR BORROWING (Continued) Retention of controlDebt allows current owners to retain control of the firm. This factor, however, may reduce share price because of the inability of outsiders to take over the company when its ownership is not dispersed. Information asymmetryIssuing debt instead of equity allows the firm to avoid the drop in share price that usually accompanies a new equity issue. This drop occurs because outside shareholders think that managers issue share only when they believe the firm’s shares are overvalued.

22. 22 EXHIBIT 11.15c: Factors Affecting the Capital Structure Decision. FACTORS THAT DISCOURAGE (EXCESSIVE) BORROWING Primary factor Costs of financial distressExcessive debt increases the probability that the firm will experience financial distress. And the higher the probability of financial distress, the larger the present value of the expected costs associated with financial distress and the lower the value of the firm. Firms that face higher probability of financial distress include companies with pretax operating profits that are cyclical and volatile, companies with a relatively large amount of intangible and illiquid assets, and companies with unique products and services or with products that require after-sale service and repair.

23. 23 EXHIBIT 11.15d: Factors Affecting the Capital Structure Decision. FACTORS THAT DISCOURAGE (EXCESSIVE) BORROWING (Continued) Important secondary factors Agency costs of debtAdditional borrowing comes with strings attached. Lenders impose increasingly constraining and costly protective covenants in new debt contracts to protect themselves against the potential misallocation of borrowed funds by managers acting on behalf of shareholders. Dividend policyExcessive debt may constrain the firm’s ability to adopt a stable dividend policy. Financial flexibilityExcessive debt may reduce the firm’s financial flexibility, that is, its ability to quickly seize a value- creating investment opportunity.