1. Viruses

2. Bacteriophage: Virus that infect a bacteria Protein coat that surrounds the RNA or DNA Contains DNA or RNA

3. Viruses - particles of nucleic acid, protein and sometimes lipids that can reproduce only by entering a cell (host). They are considered non- living. Viruses - particles of nucleic acid, protein and sometimes lipids that can reproduce only by entering a cell (host). They are considered non- living. Viruses are parasites responsible for causing many diseases in living things (herpes and HIV in humans, for example). Viruses are parasites responsible for causing many diseases in living things (herpes and HIV in humans, for example). Viruses are found everywhere. Viruses are found everywhere. Viruses consist of a core of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, and a protective coat of protein molecules and sometimes lipids. Viruses consist of a core of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, and a protective coat of protein molecules and sometimes lipids. Viruses -

4. In isolation, viruses and bacteriophages show none of the expected signs of life. They do not respond to stimuli, they do not grow, they do not do any of the things we normally associate with life. In isolation, viruses and bacteriophages show none of the expected signs of life. They do not respond to stimuli, they do not grow, they do not do any of the things we normally associate with life. Strictly speaking, they should not be considered "living" organisms at all. However, they are more complex than a lifeless collection of macromolecules and they do show one of the most important signs of life: the ability to reproduce at a fantastic rate but only in a host cell. Strictly speaking, they should not be considered "living" organisms at all. However, they are more complex than a lifeless collection of macromolecules and they do show one of the most important signs of life: the ability to reproduce at a fantastic rate but only in a host cell.

5. Bacteriophages attack bacteria (prokaryotes) Bacteriophages attack bacteria (prokaryotes) viruses attack eukaryotic cells. viruses attack eukaryotic cells. Viruses and bacteriophages invade cells and use the host cell's machinery to synthesize more of their own macromolecules. Viruses and bacteriophages invade cells and use the host cell's machinery to synthesize more of their own macromolecules. Lytic Cycle - Lytic Cycle - Lytic Cycle Lytic Cycle the virus enters the cell makes copies of itself and causes the cell to burst. the virus enters the cell makes copies of itself and causes the cell to burst.or Lysogenic Cycle – Lysogenic Cycle – The virus intergrates its DNA into the DNA of the host cell, then the viral genetic information replicates along with the host cell’s DNA. The virus intergrates its DNA into the DNA of the host cell, then the viral genetic information replicates along with the host cell’s DNA. The cell does not burst.

6. The Lytic Cycle

7. The Lysogenic Cycle

8. A retrovirus injects the enzyme, reverse transcriptase into the cell to copy viral RNA into DNA. A provirus is a DNA virus that has been inserted into a host cell chromosome

9. RETROVIRUSES BACK

10. What does bacteria have to do with DNA technology? Bacteria are simple Bacteria are simple Bacteria have DNA that is made of nucleotides (A,T,G,C) Bacteria have DNA that is made of nucleotides (A,T,G,C) Bacteria can be grown quickly and easily Bacteria can be grown quickly and easily Give them food, warmth and dark (like inside you shoe) and they will multiply like mad (binary fission) Give them food, warmth and dark (like inside you shoe) and they will multiply like mad (binary fission)

11. PLASMIDS Plasmids are DNA – made out of A,T,C,G nucleotides Plasmids are DNA – made out of A,T,C,G nucleotides The same nucleotides found in human DNA, plant DNA, dog DNA, fish DNA, fungus DNA The same nucleotides found in human DNA, plant DNA, dog DNA, fish DNA, fungus DNA Get it – it’s all the same molecule Get it – it’s all the same molecule

12. HIV is a retrovirus injecting the enzyme, reverse transcriptase into the cell to copy viral RNA into DNA. HIV is a retrovirus injecting the enzyme, reverse transcriptase into the cell to copy viral RNA into DNA.

13. Viruses are host specific – a protein on the surface of the virus has a shape that matches a molecule in the plasma membrane of its host, allowing the virus to lock onto the host cell.

14. HIV doesn’t target just any cell, it goes right for the cells that want to kill it. “Helper" T cells are HIV's primary target. These cells help direct the immune system's response to various pathogens. HIV doesn’t target just any cell, it goes right for the cells that want to kill it. “Helper" T cells are HIV's primary target. These cells help direct the immune system's response to various pathogens.

15. HIV undermines the body's ability to protect against disease by depleting T cells thus destroying the immune system. HIV undermines the body's ability to protect against disease by depleting T cells thus destroying the immune system. The virus can infect 10 billion cells a day, yet only 1.8 billion can be replaced daily. The virus can infect 10 billion cells a day, yet only 1.8 billion can be replaced daily.

16. After many years of a constant battle, the body has insufficient numbers of T-Cells to mount an immune response against infections. At the point when the body is unable to fight off infections, a person is said to have the disease AIDS. After many years of a constant battle, the body has insufficient numbers of T-Cells to mount an immune response against infections. At the point when the body is unable to fight off infections, a person is said to have the disease AIDS. It is not the virus or the disease that ultimately kills a person; it is the inability to fight off something as minor as the common cold. It is not the virus or the disease that ultimately kills a person; it is the inability to fight off something as minor as the common cold.

17. The four main fluids that HIV is transmitted by are: The four main fluids that HIV is transmitted by are: Blood Blood Breast milk Breast milk Semen Semen Vaginal discharge Vaginal discharge

18. What are vaccines? A vaccine is a substance that stimulates the body’s immune response. A vaccine is a substance that stimulates the body’s immune response. The goal of vaccination is to prevent or control an infection. The goal of vaccination is to prevent or control an infection.