2. Are the smallest structural unit of LIFE Types of cells: Bacteria Plant Animal Fungus Protist (single-celled non-bacteria) Why NOT virus?

3. A cell is able to reproduce by itself A virus CANNOT - for a virus to reproduce, it must inject its DNA into another cell and hijack that cell, forcing it to make new viruses

4. Cells split into 2 categories: Prokaryotes- cells with genetic material freely floating inside of the cell BACTERIA Eukaryotes- cells with DNA inside of a nucleus EVERYTHING ELSE

5. Cell membrane/cell wall- outer surrounding of cell All cells have cell membrane, most have a cell wall surrounding the membrane, giving cell structure Ribosome- protein maker- most cells, including bacteria, have a ribosome

6. Bacteria – most simple life form Cell membrane/cell wall and ribosome Bacterial DNA found in a single loop, with extra DNA called plasmid in another area plasmid- single, circular ring of DNA. Helpful, but not crucial for organism’s survival

7. Small ring of DNA that can contain genes that are HELPFUL for the bacteria Example- antibiotic resistance gene usually found in plasmid

8. Simple!!! Can be used by humans to insert other genes into bacteria example- insulin- can be added to cause bacteria to make bacteria produce human insulin that we can then harvest

9. Important eukaryotic structures Nucleus- holds DNA Mitochondria- breaks chemical bonds and uses energy released to produce chemical ATP, which is what fuels many bodily functions Ribosome- makes proteins- often found on the ER Identify (but not define) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Golgi Body

10. Nucleus- Storage site cell’s DNA Nucleolus- Site within nucleus where ribosomes are produced DNA- Chromatin- DNA is about 2m long in each cell- must be coiled around proteins to pack as densely as possible Chromosomes- During cell division, chromatin packed even more densely into specifically shaped structures to prevent tangline

11. Multicellular organisms designed to have to communicate within themselves Receptor proteins- on the surface of cell membranes monitoring for specific signals within the body. *Each receptor protein is shape-specific, and only looks for signals of a specific shape. Protein channels- proteins WITHIN the cell membrane can also be produced to form channels, or tubes that allow a specifically-shaped substance to pass through for a short period of time