1. Today’s Warm-Up  Think back to our unit covering World War I. What do you recall about the Ottoman Empire and the “Sick Man of Europe”?  Write down today’s LEQ – (we’re starting with notes) How and why has the Middle East evolved through time?

3. Where Continents Meet  The Middle East is where Africa, Asia & Europe meet.

5. Shifting Boundaries  There are no natural borders that distinguish the boundaries of the Middle East.  Egypt, Iran, Sudan & Turkey are disputed parts of the region.

7. The Middle East  In fact, the boundaries of the Middle East are political, and they keep shifting overtime.  From 1600 to today, the map of the Middle East has changed greatly.

8. 1600

9. 1880

10. 1920

11. Current

12. Today’s LEQ: How and why has the Middle East evolved through time?

13. Prior to World War I  Ottoman Empire was dominant ruling power from 1299 to 1922.  Empire struggled to hold onto territory as WWI approached.  Many regions were influenced by nationalism & wanted independence.

14. During World War I  Ottoman Empire became an ally of Germany.  When Germany surrendered, so did Ottoman Empire.

15. Post World War I  Sykes-Picot Agreement- Secret deal made between Britain & France  carved Middle East into spheres of influence.

17. Post World War I  In 1920, League of Nations established a mandate system of French & British control for 25 years.

19. During World War II  Many nations saw the opportunity to gain independence.  1941- Iran  1943- Lebanon  1944- Syria  1946- Jordan  1947- Egypt & Iraq

20. Post World War II  Creation of Israel Holocaust led to pressure to create a Jewish State  November 29, 1947, United Nations changed the region known as Palestine to Israel.

21. Israel  All surrounding Arab States declared war on Israel in 1948.  Once Arab- Israeli War was won by Israel, Israel took 70% of Palestine. (50% more than UN intended)

22. Cold War  Middle East became a strategic area of interest because of its oil reserves.

23. Cold War Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979 to support Communism. Opposing side was led by Osama Bin Laden & supported by US. In 1989, Soviets finally withdrew from Afghanistan.

24. Iraq-Iran War  Iraq (Saddam Hussein) invaded Iran in 1980.  Iran was an enemy of US b/c of hostage crisis. So US supported Iraq.  Iraq used chemical weapons against Iran.  Ended in a ceasefire in 1988.

25. 1 st Persian Gulf War  On August 2, 1990, Saddam Hussein, ordered his army to invade Kuwait.  At the time, Kuwait produced over 10% of the world's oil.

26. 1 st Persian Gulf War  United Nations/US intervened.  The war only lasted from Jan to Feb of 1991.  Retreating Iraqi’s set fire to oil wells in Kuwait.

27. Current War  Operation Iraqi Freedom began in March 2003  Spread to Afghanistan  To date, 4,483 American soldier deaths & 33,183 wounded.