1. Your Blood & Respiratory System

2. I. Components of Blood  A. You have about 4-6 liters of blood in your body, 45% consists of blood cells while the other 55% is a fluid called plasma.

3. II. Blood Cells  A. There are 3 cellular components of blood including:  1. Red Blood Cells – transport oxygen and get their color from hemoglobin (helps collect oxygen)  2. White Blood Cells (leukocytes)– guard against infection, fight parasites, & attack bacteria  3. Platelets – enable the body to clot with the help of plasma proteins  a. Cluster at the edges of broken blood vessels produce a sticky mesh of filaments

5. III. Plasma  A. Plasma is a straw-colored fluid that is mostly water and dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, waste products, & proteins.  B. Plasma proteins perform a variety of functions including:  1. Transport substances such as fatty acids, hormones, & vitamins  2. Regulate osmotic pressure & blood volume  3. Fight viral & bacterial infections

6. IV. Lymphatic system  A. A series of vessels, nodes, & organs collects fluid that leak from the circulatory system and returns it back.  1. The fluid is called lymph  a. Also important when it comes to absorption

7. V. Respiration  A. Cellular level – release of ATP from the breakdown of food in the presence of oxygen  B. Organism level – process of gas exchange

8. VI. Human Respiratory System  A. Main function: to bring about the exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide between blood, the air, & tissues  B. The system consists of :  1. Nose  2. Pharynx  3. Trachea  4. Larynx  5. Bronchi  6. Lungs

9.  1. Nose – air moves through the nose  2. Pharynx – passageway for both air & food  3. Trachea – windpipe (epiglottis flap closes when you swallow) Above all contain hairs & cells that produce mucus  4. Larynx – top of the trachea contains the 2 vibrating elastic tissue folds

10.  5. Bronchi – 2 large passageways in the chest cavity leading to one lung  a. Each bronchus subdivides into smaller bronchi (bronchioles), full of tiny air sacs called alveoli (capillaries surround them)

11. VII. Breathing  A. The force driving pour breathing is simply air pressure  B. Our lungs are sealed in 2 sacs in the chest cavity below this is a muscle known as the diaphragm.  1. When you inhale the diaphragm contracts, increasing the chest cavity & creating a pressure gradient  C. The medulla oblongata controls your breathing, receiving a signal from cells when the level of carbon dioxide rises

12. IIX. Tobacco & the Respiratory System  A. Substances in tobacco that is harmful for you respiratory system includes: nicotine, carbon monoxide, & tar  1. Nicotine – stimulant that increases heart rate & blood pressure  2. Carbon monoxide – decreases hemoglobin transport of oxygen & paralyze the cilia  3. Tar – contains compounds that have been shown to cause cancer

13. IX. Diseases Association with Tobacco  A. Smoking can cause chronic bronchitis, emphysema, & lung cancer as well as other heart conditions  1. Chronic Bronchitis – bronchi swell & are clogged with mucus  2. Emphysema – loss elasticity of the lungs, breathing is very difficult  3. Lung cancer – cancer cells can spread throughout the body (160,00 0 ppl diagnosed each year)