1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 16 Psychological Disorders James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

2. Psychological Disorder  A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be:  Atypical  not enough in itself  Disturbing  varies with time and culture  Maladaptive  harmful  Unjustifiable  sometimes there’s a good reason

3. zNPR on mcniel island sex offenders

4. True or False zResearchers have found that toddlers who watch lots of TV are, at age 7, more likely than average to display ADHD symptoms  True

5. True or False zIn some cultures, depression and schizophrenia are nonexistent.  False

6. True or False zAbout 30 percent of psychologically disordered people are dangerous; that is, they are more likely than other people to commit a crime.  False

7. True or False zResearch indicates that in the United States there are more prison inmates with severe mental disorders than there are psychiatric inpatients in all the country's hospitals.  True

8. True or False z Identical twins who have been raised separately sometimes develop the same phobias.  True

9. True or False zIn North America, today's young adults are three times as likely as their grandparents to report having experienced depression.  True

10. True or False zWhite Americans commit suicide nearly twice as often as black Americans do.  True

11. True or False zThere is strong evidence for a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia.  True

12. True or False zAbout one in four Americans suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year.  True

13. Historical Perspective  Perceived Causes  movements of sun or moon  lunacy--full moon  evil spirits  Ancient Treatments  exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood

14. Psychological Disorders  Medical Model  concept that diseases have physical causes  can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured  assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital

15. Psychological Disorders  Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective  assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

16. Psychological Disorders

17. Psychological Disorders – Etiology (causes) DSM-V  American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition)  a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

18.  Psychotic Disorder  person loses contact with reality  experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions Psychological Disorders – Etiology (causes)

19. Anxiety Disorders distressing, persistent anxiety, or any maladaptive behaviors that serve to reduce anxiety  Generalized Anxiety Disorder  person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

20. Anxiety Disorders  Panic Disorder  marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation

21. Anxiety Disorders  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder  unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)  Mandel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSZNnz9SM4g (9 min)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSZNnz9SM4g

22. Anxiety Disorders  PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder  High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention

23. Anxiety Disorders

24.  Phobia  persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation  Handout 13-10

25. Specific Phobia

26. Anxiety Disorders  Top Fears Top Fears

27. Mood Disorders characterized by emotional extremes  Major Depressive Disorder  a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of:  depressed moods,  feelings of worthlessness,  diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

28. Mood Disorders  Manic Episode Manic Episode  a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state  Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder  a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania  Sometimes (formerly) called manic-depressive disorder

29. Mood Disorders-Bipolar  PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional switches Depressed stateManic stateDepressed state

30. Mood Disorders- Depression

32. Mood Disorders- Suicide

33. Mood Disorders - Suicide (OECD)OECD

34. Mood Disorders- Suicide  Risk Factors (13-9)  Read descriptions and rank them in terms of their risk for attempting or committing suicide  Rankings and Risk Factors  Somewhat arbitrary; uncertainty  Varies by:  Gender  Age  Marital Status

35. Mood Disorders- Suicide  Risk Factors  Easy accessibility to firearms (!)  Mood disorders  Substance abuse  Feelings of loneliness and hopelessness  Strongest risk factor (especially in adolescents) :  Previous attempts

36. Mood Disorders- Suicide  Risk Factors  Interpersonal loss  Poor social adjustment  Problems surrounding love relationships, dating, and friends  Rejection by a potential partner or loss of a romantic relationship

37. Mood Disorders- Suicide  Your Rankings  Experts’ Rankings  #2  Previous attempt; breakup of relationship  #4  Substance abuse; gun; giving away possessions  #3  In treatment  #1  Family to provide social support

38. Mood Disorders- Suicide: E xpanded Revised Facts (13-20) 1. F 6. F 11. F 16. F 21. T 2. T 7. T 12. T 17. T 22. T 3. T 8. F 13. F 18. T 23. T 4. F 9. T 14. T 19. F 24. T 5. F 10. F 15. F 20. F 25. F

39. Mood Disorders- Suicide: E xpanded Revised Facts (13-20) 26. A31. A36. A41. A46. B 27. C32. B37. C42. B47. A 28. B33. C38. C43. C48. C 29. A34. A39. B44. C49. A 30. B35. C40. B45. B50. B

40.  Unendurable Psychological Pain  Not an act of hostility or revenge  A way of switching off unendurable pain  Frustrated Psychological Needs  Feeling a lack of security, achievement, trust  The Search for a Solution  Seen as a way out of a problem  An Attempt to End Consciousness  Goal is to stop awareness of pain  Helplessness and Hopelessness  A sense of powerlessness Mood Disorders- Suicide: 10 Common Characteristics

41.  Constriction of Options  Only 2 choices: total solution or total cessation  Ambivalence  Only thing to care about is life or death  Communication of Intent  About 80% give clues  Departure  Running away – it’s the ultimate escape  Lifelong coping patterns  A habit of “cutting and running” problem solving Mood Disorders- Suicide: 10 Common Characteristics

42. Mood Disorders- Bipolar  PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional switches Depressed stateManic stateDepressed state

43. Mood Disorders- Depression  Altering any one component of the chemistry- cognition-mood circuit can alter the others

44. Mood Disorders- Depression  The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point

45. Dissociative Disorders  Conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings  Dissociative Identity Disorder  rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities  formerly called multiple personality disorder

46. Schizophrenia  Schizophrenia  literal translation “split mind”  a group of severe disorders characterized by:  disorganized and delusional thinking  disturbed perceptions  inappropriate emotions and actions

47. Schizophrenia  Delusions  false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders  Hallucinations  sensory experiences without sensory stimulation

48. 13-21 Magical Ideation Scale Schizophrenia

52. Personality Disorders  Disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning  usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions

53. Personality Disorders  Antisocial Personality Disorder  (formerly sociopaths or psychopaths)  disorder in which the person (usually male) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing (no feeling of guilt), even toward friends and family members  Usually obvious before age 15  may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qyCR9tPDgM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qyCR9tPDgM

54. Antisocial Personality Disorder  Boys who were later convicted of a crime showed relatively low arousal

55. Personality Disorders  PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortex Normal Murderer

56. Personality Disorders

57. Rates of Psychological Disorders