1. Copyright © 2010 Prentice Hall
TOPIC 11
COMPARISON OF CHANGE
THEORIES
Lewin’s Three-Step Change Theory
Lippitt’s Phases of Change Theory
Prochaska and DiClemente’s Change Theory
Social Cognitive Theory
Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned
Behavior
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2. “Comparison of Change Theories”
Discussion On Paper
“Comparison of Change Theories”
Lewin’s Three-Step Change Theory
Lippitt’s Phases of Change Theory
Prochaska and DiClemente’s Change
Theory
Social Cognitive Theory
Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned
Behavior “
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3. Kurt Lewin (1951) Lewin’s Three-Step Change Theories
This theory views Human Behavior
as a dynamic balance of forces
working in opposite directions.
Driving forces facilitate change
Restraining forces hinder change
Both changes
must be analyzed, and tried to shift the balance towards the direction
of planned change.
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4. 3 – Major Steps The First Step: Unfreezing the existing situation
Using 3 sub-steps
(a) Increase the driving forces
(b) Decrease the restraining forces
(c) Find a combination of above two methods
Important activities should be
(i) Motivate participants for change
(ii) Build trust and recognition for need to change
(iii) Actively participate in recognizing problems and brainstorming solutions within a group
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5. 3 – Major Steps The Second Step: Moving Using 3 sub-steps
Persuading employees to agree that status
quo is harmful
(b) Persuading them to work together for a quest for new and relevant solution
(c) Connecting the views of the group to
well-respected, and powerful
Leaders who also support
the change
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6. 3 – Major Steps The Third Step: Refreezing
This step needs to take place after the change has been implemented
In order for it to be sustained or
stick over time
(b) It is the actual integration of new values in to the community values and traditions
(c) It is to reinforce new patterns and institutionalize them through formal
and informal mechanisms
Including policies and
procedures
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7. Lippitt’s ‘Phases of Change’ Theory
Lippitt, Watson and Westley (1958)
It is an extension of Lewin’s 3-steps
to a 7-steps or phases of change
This theory focuses more on the
role and responsibilities
of change agent than
on the evolution of
change itself
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8. Lippitt’s ‘Phases of Change’ Theory
7-steps/phases are:
Diagnose the problem
(2) Assess the motivation and capacity for change
(3) Assess the resources and motivation of the change agent (including the change agent’s commitment to change, power and stamina)
(4) Choose progressive change objects (Here action plans are developed and strategies established)
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9. Lippitt’s ‘Phases of Change’ Theory
7-steps/phases are: Continues……..
(5) The role of change agent should be elected and clearly understood by all parties. Examples of roles are: cheerleader, facilitator, and expert
(6) Maintain the change. Communication, feedback, and group coordination are essential elements in this step
(7) Gradually terminate from the helping relationship. The change agent should gradually withdraw from their role
over time. This will occur when the
change becomes part of
organizational culture.
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10. Change Theory Prochaska and DiClemente’s These stages are:
According to this theory,
People pass through a series of stages
when change occurs.
These stages are:
Precontemplation
(Pre-thought)
Contemplation
Preparation
action
Maintenance
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11. Prochaska and DiClemente’s
Change Theory
Progression through these stages (Precontemptation, Contemptation, Preparation, Action & Maintenance)
is cyclical, not linear
Initially many people relapse on their change efforts and cannot successfully maintain their gain the first time
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12. Prochaska and DiClemente’s
Change Theory
Precontemplation stage exists when an individual is unaware or fails to acknowledge the problems without engaging in any change process activities
Contemplation exists when individual raises consciousness of the issue. They are thinking about changing their behavior, but they are not ready to commit to the change process yet
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13. Prochaska and DiClemente’s
Change Theory
Preparation stage occurs when individual is ready to change their behavior and
plans to do so
The action stage follows shortly thereafter; it is characterized by an increase in coping with behavioral change and individual begins to engage in change activities
Finally, maintenance stage starts wherein actions to reinforce the change are taken coupled with establishing the new behavioral change to the individual’s lifestyle and norms. Counseling to avoid relapses is necessary to ensure a successful long-term change
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14. Change Theory Prochaska and DiClemente’s It is a spiral model;
individuals have the ability to exit
at any time
The spiral pattern of the model suggests
that many individuals learn from
their relapses instead of circling
around the issue
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15. Social Cognitive Theory
Social learning theory,
which later renamed social cognitive theory,
proposes that behavior change is affected by:
Environmental influences
Personal factors &
Attributes of behavior itself
When implementing employee-learning programs, there are four processes
that should be exercised:
Attentional processes
Retention processes
Motor reproduction processes
Reinforcement processes
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16. Social Cognitive Theory
Attentional processes
(which captures attention to its details/something they care about)
Retention processes
(degree to which an individual can remember/retain in mind)
Motor reproduction processes
(easy conversion of seeing/
observation into doing)
Reinforcement processes
(through greater attention,
better rewards, admiration,
and respect)
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17. The Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior
The reason behind an action or behavior is determined by a person’s intention to perform that behavior
Two major factors that shape an individual attention
The individual’s attitude towards the
desired behavior must be positive
2. The influence of the person’s social environment shapes the individual attention
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18. The Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior
The Theory of Planned Behavior:
This includes the concept of perceived
control over the opportunities, resources
and skills necessary to perform the desired behavior
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19. ASSIGNMENT 9 Read article on
"ADKAR"- a model for change management
And
Write a one-page article of your own on special features of ADKAR model
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20. MORE MATERIAL ON AFOREMENTIONED THEORIES
SOME
MORE MATERIAL ON AFOREMENTIONED THEORIES
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21. Comparison of Change Theories Lewin’s Three-Step Change Theory
Unfreezing:
a. increase the driving forces that direct behavior away from the existing situation or status quo.
b. decrease the restraining forces that negatively affect movement from the existing equilibrium.
c. find a combination of the two methods listed above.
Movement
a. persuading employees to agree that the status quo is not beneficial to them and encouraging them to view the problem from a fresh perspective,
b. work together on a quest for new, relevant information, c. connect the views of the group to well-respected, powerful leaders that also support the change
Refreezing:
This step needs to take place after the change has been implemented in order for it to be sustained or “stick” over time. It is the actual integration of the new values into the community values and traditions. One action that can be used to implement Lewin’s third step is to reinforce new patterns and institutionalize them through formal and
informal mechanisms including policies and procedures
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22. Lippitt’s Phases of Change Theory
(A seven-step theory that focuses more on the role and responsibility of the change agent than on the evolution of the change itself. Information is continuously exchanged throughout the process)
The seven steps are:
1. Diagnose the problem.
2. Assess the motivation and capacity for change.
3. Assess the resources and motivation of the change agent.
(This includes the change agent’s commitment to change,
power, and stamina)
4. Choose progressive change objects. In this step, action plans
are developed and strategies are established.
5. The role of the change agents should be selected and clearly
understood by all parties so that expectations are clear.
Examples of roles are: cheerleader, facilitator, and expert.
6. Maintain the change through communication, feedback, and
group coordination.
7. Gradually terminate from the helping relationship. The
change agent should gradually withdraw from their role over
time.
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23. Prochaska and DiClemente’s Change Theory
(Based on a theory of Health Behavior)
People pass through a series of stages when change occurs.
The 5-stages are:
Precontempation (one is unaware or fails to identify the problem),
Contemplation (attention/concentration),
Preparation (one is ready to change the behavior and plans to do so),
Action (individual begins to engage in change activities), and
v. Maintenance (actions to reinforce the change coupled
with establishing the new behaviors to the individual’s
lifestyle and norms. Counseling to avoid relapses is
necessary).
Progression through the stages is cyclical, not linear.
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24. Social Cognitive Theory
This theory emphasizes 4-processes (for employees’s training):
Attentional processes:
(individuals are more easily influenced when the model is neat, attractive, compelling, attention grabbing, and relates to something they care about).
ii. Retention processes:
(take into account the degree of which an individual
can remember the model and its characteristics)
iii. Motor reproduction process
(illustrates an individual converting seeing/
observation into doing.
iv. Reinforcement processes:
(are used when an individual changes behavior due
to rewards and positive incentives.
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25. Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior
The theory of reasoned action states that “individual performance of a given behavior is primarily determined by a person's intention to perform that behavior”.
Two Factors (that shape the individual’s attention)
First, the individual’s attitude towards the desired
behavior must be positive for change to occur.
Second, the influence of the person's social environment,
including the beliefs of their peers.
2. The theory of planned behavior includes the concept of perceived control over the opportunities, resources, and skills necessary to perform the desired behavior.
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