2.  The first immigrants of African descents arrived in North America in 1619, landing at Jamestown.  During the American Revolution in 1776, there were no longer African-American indentured servants but African-American Slaves.

3.  Many Africans who were brought to the United States were second generation  Slave owners intentionally tried to supplant African culture by making the slaves more dependent on new white culture  Africans were prohibited to speech in their native tongues and to communicate by drumming because of fear of rebellion.  European Americans regarded Africa as backward and uncivilized.

4.  Music played an essential role in providing Cultural cohesion to transmit important historical and social information.  Tribes used songs  Stories  Dances

5.  Language was reflected in African drumming  Drum idioms imitated speech patterns through the use of high and low drum timbres performed on female and male.

6.  Rhythm is the foundation for African music, and it flowed out of the words and the movement of human activities.  Multimeter- The overall metric pattern consists of a series of measures that are each heard as habinh a different meter.  Polymeter- Consists of two or more meter occurring simultaneously.  Prolongation- The duration of the beats gets progressively longer, obscuring the metric pulse.  Additive- There is no regular metric pulse because beats are continually added

7.  Working songs  The earliest African-American songs were work songs developed to accompany labor.  Cries, Calls, and Hollers  Are terms often used synonymously to describe a melodic tradition that was used as a means for communicating across the fields.  Spirituals  Black spirituals include three types of songs:  Spirituals, jubilees, and Shouts

8.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65ewGQiN3 SI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65ewGQiN3 SI  Cries, Calls, Hollers  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XnyS24- woTg&list=PL04322B8E84F8747D http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XnyS24- woTg&list=PL04322B8E84F8747D  Spiritual  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXqMQfpNS es http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXqMQfpNS es

9.  African-American holller and the early performance of spiritual use primarily a free and fluid rhythm, derived from the text.  Spiritual, work songs, and Hollers incorporate traditions of indigenous African music.  Texture, Instrumentation, and Form  The early spiritual were monophonic, consisting of unaccompanied melody.

10.  The American Revolution and Striving for Freedom  Thousands of slaves responded to an offer from England for freedom for those who fought on the side of the British.  In March 1865, the Freemen’s Bureau was established to help the freed slaves and destitute whites through activities such as providing food and shelter.

11.  The school was opened in an abandoned Union Army barracks.(1828-1890)  The school experience financial difficulties with the first five years of operation, which led instructor George L. White to take “The Colored Christian Singers” on a concert tour.  The Fisk Jubilee Singers were important in exposing whites to black spirituals.