2.  The word of “CITIZENSHIP” means being a member of a country  As a member of a country every individual has positive or negative attitudes towards to civic context

4.  Living within a consistent civic context leads to civic engagement in late adolescence and into young adulthood  Investigating whether social context during early adolescence has an effect in civic behavior in late adolescence

5.  Erikson’s (1966) Theory of Development  an identity search begins in early adolescence and internal and external experiences during childhood and adolescence are accumulated and lead to a commitment to particular values and beliefs.  Colby & Damon’s (1999) Moral Socialization Theory  that parents, peers, culture, and society socialize individuals to have a sense of moral commitment to various goals and behaviors;

6.  Original Model:

7.  Revised Model:

8.  Participants  1000 randomly participants  51% Male | 49% female  61% of participant were African American and 39% were European American  Material  Questionnarie from previous longitudinal studies and validateted scales Ex: # what youth would do if they had three wishes #what they would do if they had one million dollars

9.  Procedure  Data were collecting historical periods  It started at 1991 and took 6 waves to end Use only 3 waves for this article 8 th, 11 th and post high school waves  Factor analysis and structural equation model (SEM) used for statistical data  **SEM: compare the results with previous reseach for the validity.

10.  Youth who were involved in religious activities in early adolescence showed more civic participation in late adolescence.  There was a positive correlation between civic engagement in early adolescence and civic participation in late adolescence.  African American students also had higher levels of religiosity  Females had higher levels peer support during early adolescent compared to males  And in 11 th grade, females were had higher levels of civic behavior than males

11.  Hypothesis was supported.  We can say that it is possible to predict positive citizenship from adolesence to young adulthood.  And there is important effect of meaning of civic contex  Results showed that living a civic context contributes to the development of civic engagement, such as family and peer influences, predicts later civic engagement.

12.  Additionaly information;  There is significant gender differences about civic identity  Females are more significant predictors than males

13.  Data were collected from a community-based sample of African American and European American youth only.  Can’t be generalize to other countries or ethnicities.  Researcher did not examine the quality of the activities in which participants were involved.  Researcher focused only one type of civic engagement, which is a selection of prosocial behaviors. ( no political involvement or social activism)

14. Zaff, J.F., Malanchuk, O., & Eccles, S.J. (2008). Predicting positive citizenship from adolescence to young adulthood: The effects of a civic context. Applied Development Science, 12(1), 38-53.